Mesoamerican Civilizations (Mexico to South America) STANDARD WHI.11a, b The student will demonstrate knowledge of major civilizations of the Western Hemisphere, including the Mayan, Aztec, and Incan by a) describing geographic relationship, with emphasis on patterns of development in terms of climate and physical features. b) describing cultural patterns and political and economic structures Mesoamerican Civilizations (Mexico to South America) MAYA, AZTEC, and INCA

Olmec 1300 B.C.- The first civilization of Mesoamerica They were located in the hot and swampy lowlands along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico south of Veracruz. They had large cities that were centers for religious rituals. They carved colossal stone heads They may have been to represent their ancestors or gods.

Teotihuacán Was the first major city in Mesoamerica Arose around 250 B.C. and collapsed about 800 A.D. May have had as many as 200,000 inhabitants at its height. Has a main thoroughfare, known as the Avenue of the Dead, had two main temples. The Temple of the Sun and the Temple of the Moon.

SOCIAL CLASSES Yucatán Peninsula Mayan civilization 300-900 A.D. • Located in the Mexican and Central American rain forest • Represented by Chichén Itzá • Group of city-states ruled by a king (chief) • Economy based on agriculture and trade • Polytheistic religion—Pyramids Yucatán Peninsula -Maya were found in the Yucatan Peninsula and Part of Guatemala -largest Mayan city was Tikal -Copan Maya: Between 300 and 900 A.D. -Flourished during this time. We do not know why it fell into decline. The Maya abandoned their cities, we do not know why. Political and Social Structure Cities-Were built around a central pyramid Pyramid-Was topped with a shrine to the gods. City-States-Each governed by a hereditary ruling class SOCIAL CLASSES

-Ruled the Mayan Kingdom They claimed they were divine Mayan Kings -Ruled the Mayan Kingdom They claimed they were divine Were assisted by nobles and a class of scribes Made special blood sacrifices to maintain the kingdom. People -Included townspeople, skilled artisans, officials, and merchants. Many people were peasant farmers who worked on terraced hillsides farming. Men did the fighting and hunting, women made cornmeal and were responsible for homemaking and raising children.

Religion The Maya were Polytheistic with over 160 gods. They believed that all of life was in the hands of a divine power. They were responsible for pleasing the gods. Their gods were ranked in order of importance, the Jaguar was the god of night and was seen as evil. The Maya practiced human sacrifice to appease their gods. Human sacrifice was also used to mark special occasions. When a king ascended to the throne war captives were tortured and beheaded to mark the occasion. Below is the god of rain on the left and god of death on the right.

Accomplishments Language The Maya developed an independent Hieroglyphic language. The Spanish destroyed most of the Mayan writings. They were not seen as having any value. Their language was not translated until the 20th century.

Calendar The Maya developed a calendar that had two different parts. It had a solar calendar with 365 days, divided into 18 months with 20 days each with 5 extra days at the end. A Lunar calendar and a Calendar based on the movement of the Planet Venus. This was a sacred calendar with 260 days and 13 weeks of 20 days each. The Mayan calendar says our present world was created in 3114 B.C. and the current world will end on December 23 2012 A.D.

Mayan Intellectual and Artistic Achievements Math Priests decided ceremony times Numbering system included zero

End of the Maya Around 900 A.D., Mayan cities abandoned – don’t know why Frequent warfare causes Mayans to abandon homes Overpopulation = over farming = abandoning homes Peasant revolts from heavy taxing

Tikal

Chichén Itzá

The Aztec began c. 13th century A.D. Aztec civilization 1250-1522 A.D. • Located in arid valley in central Mexico • Represented by Tenochtitlan • Ruled by an emperor • Economy based on agriculture and tribute from conquered peoples • Polytheistic religion with pyramids/rituals The Aztec began c. 13th century A.D. Began a long migration that brought them into the Valley of Mexico. They established their capital city at Tenochtitlán. Tenochtitlán An Aztec legend said that when the people found their new home they would see an eagle perched on a cactus holding a snake. They saw this in lake Texcoco. Their city was built up on rafts made from reeds and covered with dirt. They were called chinampas. Present-Day Mexico-City is built on top of this city. The original was destroyed by the Spanish. Lake Texcoco-Swampy lake that was the home of the capital city. Tenochtitlán means the Place of the Prickly Pear Cactus.

Political and Social Structure By 1500 there were about 4 million people in the Aztec Empire. Aztec Emperor Ruled over the Aztec Empire. Was the supreme leader of the people. He claimed that he was divine. People Made up of commoners, indentured workers, and slaves. Most people were farmers, but they also traded with people in the surrounding areas. Men were to be the warriors, while a woman’s role was to be in the home. Women were allowed to own and inherit property and enter contracts. Women wove textiles and raised children. They could also be priestesses.

They believed Cortes was him Coming Back. Religion Had a polytheistic religion based on warfare. Huitzilopochtli Their chief god. He was the god of the sun. The Aztec offered him human sacrifice to give him strength to battle the forces of darkness each night so that he could rise each morning. Quetzalcoatl The feathered Serpent He believed he had left the valley of Mexico and promised to return in triumph. They believed Cortes was him Coming Back. Human Sacrifice Each Aztec city contained a pyramid where they practiced human sacrifice as a way to postpone the end of the world.

Aztec Religion- Human Sacrifice About 20,000 per year Bodies taken to the top of pyramids ,chests were cut open, heart ripped out, and body thrown off Mostly prisoners of war, some slaves, some nobles Constant warfare necessary to have enough prisoners of war around to sacrifice Some historians say bodies were sometimes eaten by royalty

Destruction of the Aztec The subjugation of the people of the Aztec Empire bred hatred and discontent among the people. When the Spanish arrived they did not have a difficult time finding allies to fight the Aztec. Hernán Cortés 1519 Spanish Conquistador who came to the valley of Mexico in 1519 with 550 soldiers and 16 horses. He was at first greeted by the Aztec Emperor Montezuma (Moctezuma). The Spanish later kidnapped the Emperor and made him a puppet(False Ruler). The people rebelled and the Emperor was killed. The Spanish barely escaped. The Spanish returned several months later. Many of the natives had fallen ill with Smallpox. Cortés and his allies destroyed the Aztec capital and subjugated the Aztec people.

Unified the Inca and established the Inca Empire. Incan civilization 1200-1532 A.D. • Located in the Andes Mountains of South America • Represented by Machu Picchu • Ruled by an emperor • Economy based on high-altitude agriculture • Polytheistic religion • Road system Late 1300's Inca The Inca started as a small group that were located in Cuzco (eventual capital city). They did not begin to become powerful until after the fall of the Moche of Peru. Pachacuti Unified the Inca and established the Inca Empire.

Organization of the Empire Incan state was built on war. The conquered peoples were all taught the same language. Each region was appointed a governor who answered to the Emperor. Road System: 24, 800 miles of Road The Inca built roads to unify their people. Roads made travel and communication throughout the empire more efficient. There were rest houses and storage depots along with bridges to span ravines and waterways.

Religion Polytheistic Part of everyday life, every month had a festival Chief god was Inti, the Sun God Chosen Women dedicated their lives to serving the sun god

Government Ruled by an Emperor called the Sapa Inca and had absolute control Divine – the son of the sun Chief religious leader Gold was his symbol and the “sweat of the sun” The Queen was called the Coya Performed religious functions Served in absence of Sapa Inca

Chosen Women Servants on earth of the Sun God, Inti Specially chosen as girls, trained, and housed near the temple After training, either married a noble, served the royal family, or become one of the Chosen Women Made the clothes of the Sapa Inca and Coya since Sapa Inca could not wear the same clothes twice

Were required to marry from within their own social group. Culture Were required to marry from within their own social group. Women were expected to live at home, the only alternative was to be a priestess. Most people were farmers, they also herded llamas and alpacas. Quipu-A system of knotted strings used by the Inca to keep records.

Great Builders They had great buildings made of stone held without mortar. Their roads also show their ability as great builders. Machu Picchu City built at 8,000 ft above sea level. Terrace farming- creative farming To adapt to the environment

Defeat The Spanish arrived in 1531 1531: Francisco Pizarro Spanish Conquistador led a band of 180 men with superior weapons. The Inca, like the Aztec, were devastated by disease. Smallpox Devastated the Population Civil War After the death of the Inca Emperor a civil war broke out, Pizarro took advantage and defeated the people. Pizarro and his men established Lima as the new capital of the Spanish Colony in 1535.