LATIN AMERICAN ANCIENT and COLONIAL HISTORY Lesson #2

Three Ancient Civilizations (there are more – these are the biggest) Three Civilizations Aztec Maya Inca What skills will the Inca’s need? Why?

Ancient Cultures Maya (250-900) (no one knows why they died out) Inca (1200-1540) (conquered by Spanish) Aztec (1325-1520) (conquered by Spanish) Look at the time period of each. What was happening in Europe during the Mayan times?

Religion in Ancient Latin America Leaders were God on earth Blood sacrifice - Barbed rope Tongue, lips, penis, or a whole heart Aztecs demanded human sacrifice 20,000 a year Arms and legs eaten Christians also refer to blood and sacrifice… describe… Describe “real” sacrifice. Describe how Americans “give to God” in our biggest religions.

RELIGION Bloodshed was viewed as a means of pleasing the gods Piercing body parts, human sacrifice, etc.

Society & Religion RITUALS ★ Human Sacrifice - Captives (the heart was eaten to obtain the courage of the prisoner) - Losers of sporting events

MAYA

Current location of Cancun YUCATAN

Mayan Kings and Cities 1000 BC to 900 AD Smaller tribes existed into the early 1500s

Society & Religion GOD Absolutism ★ KING = ____________ and he could communicate with other gods. This is very similar to the idea of ____________________ in Medieval Europe. P.S. – Like my nose ring? Absolutism

Society & Religion ★ Polytheistic & Warlike (Often warred with other Mayan city-states)

MAYAN TEMPLES

Maya The ONLY fully developed written language of Pre-Columbian Civilizations Ate mainly ________ Used cities ONLY for _______________________ Stopped using cities in year 900 (no known reason) corn Religious purposes Pyramid at Chichen Itza

Achievements 365 Day Calendar ★ _____________________ (less than .0001 days off!) ★ The number ZERO ★ Picture language (Glyphs) (1.5m descr. of calendar)

Mayan Calendar (Mesoamerican Long Count calendar) Start date: August 11, 3114 BC End date: _________________ related to lunar data Completely accurate World was created five times World was destroyed ____times Dec 21, 2012 4 3m – 2012 end times)

Mayan Calendar wheel (2m description of why 2012 is silly) (2m description of calendar) The system of using the wheel to predict events is called THE LONG COUNT

Maya Never disappeared; just stopped using cities Cities had been used ONLY for religious purposes Blood letting Some human sacrifice

What happened to the Mayan Civ.? Various theories exist as to why the Mayan Empire declined …but no one is certain. Warfare? Abusive Kings? Drought?

Maya today

INCA

INCA 1400s A.D. to 1532 A.D. Andes Mountains

Inca Corn and potatoes Llama and Alpaca Rigid structure – royal family had absolute power King had absolute power: “Sapa Inca” (father Inca) Most people had no power and little wealth

Government 12 million Controlled an enormous empire! (Population of ___________!) Maintained power by: delegating power to local leaders who were loyal to the Incan Empire 12 million

ACHIEVEMENTS Road System Transportation Communication Intricate ___________________ vital for: 1) ______________________ 2) ______________________ 3) ______________________ Transportation Communication Government Control

ACHIEVEMENTS The Inca road network stretched 14,000 miles and rose from sea level to almost 12,000 feet in elevation!!! Stairs led to higher areas and suspension bridges spanned canyons and impasses

Achievements Trained runners would carry messages and orders of the empire between carefully spaced stations along the roads. This created a one-day delivery time for each 140 miles!!!

Inca Central power Build Roads and bridges Machu Picchu

MACHU PICHU

AZTEC

Aztec Metropolitan Up to 300,000 people in a city Montezuma – the last king – had total power Human sacrifice Conquered neighboring tribes – took prisoners for blood sacrifice Big city: Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City)

SOCIETY ★ Farmers ★ ____________ provided most of the labor Slaves

INFRASTRUCTURE Tenochtitlan ★ ______________________ Built on a swampy island on a lake

INFRASTRUCTURE Chinampas ★ ______________________ “FLOATING GARDENS”

INFRASTRUCTURE Causeways ★ _____________________ connected the city to surrounding areas

ECONOMY People came to the market from all over the empire to trade goods and food such as corn

jewelry and sculptures ACHIEVEMENTS jewelry and sculptures BEAUTIFUL _____________________ Writings and glyphs

SCULPTURE

Aztec

RELIGION Human Sacrifice ★ _______________________ (up to 20,000 victims per year!) ★ TEMPLES stood in the center of the city near the King’s palace

Aztec Temple

Spanish Exploration Spanish kings had won back control of Spain Sent Columbus to explore to the West Gold, God and Glory Four voyages 1492-1502 hit Central America on 4th Conquistadores arrived 1517

Spanish Conquerors Called CONQUISTADORES Goal: take gold and silver Hernando Cortez conquered the Aztecs 1517 killed Emperor Montezuma Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas 1519 killed Emperor Atualpa

Hernando Cortez Conqueror of the Aztecs Killed Montezuma

Francisco Pizarro Conqueror of the Incas Killed Atualpa Threatened burning at stake Garrote

Spanish then controlled Indians Claimed most of Latin America Sent Peninsulares to rule over Indians Demanded Indians mine for silver and gold Demanded Indians become Christian

Why did the Central American Indians quickly accepted the idea of a “blood sacrifice” the Church offered?

PATERNS OF LIFE Society was divided into classes Africans arrived after the Indian population was diminished Peninsulares – pure Spanish Criollos – Spanish born in America Mestizos – Spanish + Indian Indians (made into slaves) Africans (imported slaves) Spanish wanted someone to work in the gold mines

Click – John Green

Columbian Exchange What was the Columbian Exchange? What was exchanged? Trading of goods (and other things) from Europe to Americas [p. 462] click

Columbian Exchange

Effect of Columbian Exchange How were the Americas effected? How was Europe Effected? American Indians Died The remaining would be enslaved They got cheap stuff, like gold Corn and potatoes

The Tastes of Latin America

1. What are the tastes? Ham Wheat (bread) Sugar Grapes Onion What foods would you find on a Latin American on your plate? What foods did the Europeans bring? Peanuts Corn Cocoa (chocolate) Strawberry Squash Sweet potato Potato Pepper berries tomato Ham Wheat (bread) Sugar Grapes Onion

3. Impact of Columbian Exchange What foods do you think most changed Europe, once they were introduced to society?

SPANISH COLONIES in AMERICA win INDEPENDENCE

Questions to ponder… What do we know about Latin American society… Before the Spanish arrived Once the Spanish got there What is your impression of what Latin Americans think of USA? How do you know? Why do you suppose so many Latin Americans?

You already know about… How the Columbian Exchange worked And how the Spanish conquered the Aztecs and Incas click click

Stages of Latin American History Powerful Civilizations controlled population (200-1500) Aztecs Incas Spanish arrived (1500s), conquered Civilizations 75% of Indians killed by disease Remainder forced into slavery Creoles won independence from Spain (1800s) Issues they created still exist today…

Early 1500s in Latin America Spain took control of more and more land Goal: hunted for more civilizations to conquer Searched for Gold and Silver Each new mine claimed for Spain Spaniards flooded Americas Gold and silver made Spain wealthy Wealth meant large Army and Navy

Life in Spanish America Creoles lived WELL Mestizos lived poorly Native Americans forced to labor Forced to labor to death Replaced by more and more African slaves

Life in Spanish America To control population, Creoles had to keep class system rigid Rich were very rich, poor were impoverished

1600s in Latin America Spanish settlers learned that Cash crops could sell in Europe Native Americans died off from European diseases Spaniards needed new laborers Forced Africans into slavery Most Slaves worked on plantations click

What do you think? Why did the Spanish resort to Slave Trade by the end of the 1500s? What does this say about the European attitude toward anyone not European?

1700s in Latin America Spain started losing winning edge Spanish no longer strongest nation in world Pirates raided shipments of gold to Spain Settlers (Creoles) no longer proud to be Spanish Some Creoles rebelled against

INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT LEADERS IN LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE Toussaint L’Ouverture) Simon Bolivar Jose de San Martin Jose Morelos

Toussaint L’Ouverture Former slave on island of Haiti Organized a slave rebellion against French control

Simon Bolivar An Educated military general – a Creole. Was called “the Liberator” Won independence for most of South American from Spain

Jose de San Martin Also a creole. Won independence for Argentina and Chile from Spain. Helped Bolivar in the North.

Jose Morelos A priest and a Mestizo. Helped Creoles win independence by creating discipline.

So, what will they do with their independence?