Fungi Fungi grow as filaments – hyphae Mycelium – mass of hyphae Most do not have complete cell walls – septa divide walls Cell walls – contain chitin Haustoria – hyphae that penetrate their host.

Mycelium

Stages of Sexual Cycles Plasmogamy – fusing of two cells from two different fungal strains to produce a single cell with nuclei from both strains Karyogamy – nuclei fuse to form a diploid nucleus Meiosis – restores the haploid condition – haploid hyphae then form.

Zygomycota Bread Molds Lack septa Undergo plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis Zygospores – germinate into new hyphae

Zygomycota Life cycle

Mold

Young zygospore

Ascomycota Yeasts, mildew, truffles Cup Fungus Have septa Reproduce sexually with ascospores Ascus contain ascospores Fruiting body - ascocarp

Ascomycota

Ascomycota Life Cycle

Basidiomycota Have septa Reproduce sexually – producing basidiospores Basidiocarp – fruiting body Mushrooms

Mushrooms

Mushroom life cycle

Deuteromycota Artificial fungi – Penicillium No sexual cycle

Mold on Orange

Mutualistic Relationships Lichens – relationship between algae and fungi Mycorrhizae – association between fungi and plant roots

Lichens

Lichens

Fungal Examples