From: Nonlocal Modeling and Swarm-Based Design of Heat Sinks Date of download: 9/27/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Nonlocal Modeling and Swarm-Based Design of Heat Sinks J. Heat Transfer. 2013;136(1):011401-011401-11. doi:10.1115/1.4025300 Figure Legend: Illustration of a straight-fin heat sink with tapered, (a) smooth and (b) scale-roughed surface fins

From: Nonlocal Modeling and Swarm-Based Design of Heat Sinks Date of download: 9/27/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Nonlocal Modeling and Swarm-Based Design of Heat Sinks J. Heat Transfer. 2013;136(1):011401-011401-11. doi:10.1115/1.4025300 Figure Legend: Flow chart of the VAT-based heat sink simulation routine

From: Nonlocal Modeling and Swarm-Based Design of Heat Sinks Date of download: 9/27/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Nonlocal Modeling and Swarm-Based Design of Heat Sinks J. Heat Transfer. 2013;136(1):011401-011401-11. doi:10.1115/1.4025300 Figure Legend: Flow chart of PSO algorithm [62]

From: Nonlocal Modeling and Swarm-Based Design of Heat Sinks Date of download: 9/27/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Nonlocal Modeling and Swarm-Based Design of Heat Sinks J. Heat Transfer. 2013;136(1):011401-011401-11. doi:10.1115/1.4025300 Figure Legend: Evolution of thermal resistance during the (a) PSO and (b) GA optimizations of a smooth surface straight-fin heat sink. Thin, light colored lines indicate the individual trials while thick, dark colored lines indicate the average of the ten trials.

From: Nonlocal Modeling and Swarm-Based Design of Heat Sinks Date of download: 9/27/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Nonlocal Modeling and Swarm-Based Design of Heat Sinks J. Heat Transfer. 2013;136(1):011401-011401-11. doi:10.1115/1.4025300 Figure Legend: Evolution of the scaled design parameters during the (a) PSO and (b) GA optimizations of a smooth surface straight-fin heat sink. Thin, light colored lines indicate the individual trials while thick, dark colored lines indicate the average of the ten trials.

From: Nonlocal Modeling and Swarm-Based Design of Heat Sinks Date of download: 9/27/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Nonlocal Modeling and Swarm-Based Design of Heat Sinks J. Heat Transfer. 2013;136(1):011401-011401-11. doi:10.1115/1.4025300 Figure Legend: Evolution of thermal resistance during the (a) PSO and (b) GA optimizations of a scale-roughened straight-fin heat sink

From: Nonlocal Modeling and Swarm-Based Design of Heat Sinks Date of download: 9/27/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Nonlocal Modeling and Swarm-Based Design of Heat Sinks J. Heat Transfer. 2013;136(1):011401-011401-11. doi:10.1115/1.4025300 Figure Legend: Evolution of the scaled design parameters during the (a) PSO and (b) GA optimizations of a scale-roughened straight-fin heat sink

From: Nonlocal Modeling and Swarm-Based Design of Heat Sinks Date of download: 9/27/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Nonlocal Modeling and Swarm-Based Design of Heat Sinks J. Heat Transfer. 2013;136(1):011401-011401-11. doi:10.1115/1.4025300 Figure Legend: Nonlocal fluid (left) and solid (right) temperature fields for the optimal scale-roughened straight-fin heat sink found by the PSO after its (a) first, (b) fourth, and (c) final iteration, along with those for the (d) optimal smooth straight-fin heat sink. The fully developed velocity field profiles and the 90 °C contour lines are indicated superimposed on the fluid and solid temperature fields, respectively.