Rise of England, 16th-17th c. Military conflicts

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Presentation transcript:

Rise of England, 16th-17th c. Military conflicts Reformation in England Economic/mercantile growth Decline of Spain

Quelling internal revolts Subduing Welsh during reign of Henry VIII (r. 1509-47) Nine Years’ War (1594-1603) Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) 1603 James VI Stuart of Scotland becomes king of England (James I, r. 1603-25)

Map Link: The British Isles, 1603-1688: <http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/british_isles _1603_1688.jpg> Tudor Family Tree: <http://www.britroyals.com/tudor.htm>

Spanish Armada, 1588 Philip II of Spain (r. 1556-98) 1554 Philip II marries Mary I (r. 1553-58) 1570s Philip loses patience with Elizabeth 1585 English support Dutch rebellion. English also supporting French Huguenots

7th Feb 1587 Elizabeth executes Mary, Queen of Scots Apr 1587 Sir Francis Drake (c. 1540-96) burns Spanish ships at Cadiz “Singeing of the King of Spain’s Beard” May 1588 Armada sets out for England “I know I have the body of a weak, feeble woman; but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England too.”

Map Link: Routes of the Spanish Armada: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/ 0/0f/Routes_of_the_Spanish_Armada.gif/329px-Routes _of_the_Spanish_Armada.gif>

Edward VI (r. 1547-53) English Bible of William Tyndale (1494-1536) and Miles Coverdale (1488-1568) Book of Common Prayer, by Thomas Cranmer (d. 1556)

Mary I (“Bloody Mary”, r. 1553-58) 17th Nov 1558 Death of Mary Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603): “Supreme governor of the realm in all things ecclesiastical and temporal” (Act of Supremacy, 1559)

Act of Uniformity, 1559 Sacraments: Eucharist and Baptism Marriage for clergy System of bishops, and elaborate church ritual Salvation by faith over works

Calvinist Protestants (Puritans) 1570 Pope Pius V (p. 1566-72) excommunicates Elizabeth, with no significant effect Nationalism trumping religion? 1603 Accession of James I King James Bible “The wisest fool in Christendom”

Economic and Mercantile Growth: Improved agriculture and use of natural resources Developing exports, especially textiles Exploring new markets: Sir Francis Drake, Sir Walter Raleigh (1554-1618)

1584-87 Establishment of colony at Roanoke 1620 Puritans settle at Plymouth, Mass. Displacing First Nations

1560s Dutch resistance to Spanish rulers 1572 Dutch rebel against Spanish 1579 Formation of Dutch United Provinces 1585 English support Dutch Map Link: The Netherlands, 1559-1609: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/ Northern_Netherlands_map_002.jpg>.

1609 Peace between Dutch and Spain 1621 War breaks out again 1648 Spanish recognise Dutch independence at Peace of Westphalia

Decline of Spain in late 16th/early 17th c. Expenses outweighing income Neglect of agricultural development Lack of development of colonies Rebellions against taxes in Portugal and Catalonia Losing territories: Dutch United Provinces (1648), Portugal (1668), Franche-Comté (Burgundy, 1678), others

First period of Stuart monarchy (1603-88) Charles I (r. 1625-49) Issues: Money Religion Political power

1215 Magna Carta By 17th c. England has parliament with House of Commons and House of Lords James I (r. 1603-25)

James I: Selling titles, offices, monopolies Charles I: Conflict with parliament Taxes, fines, selling right to collect customs duties Bill of Rights, 1689

Divine right of kings esp. James I, James II (r. 1685-88)

The plot to restore Catholicism? Charles I’s adherence to Arminianism 1670 Charles II signs secret treaty with Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715) James II ignoring the Test Act of 1673 1688 James II has son baptised Catholic

Divisions among Protestants Anglicans, incl. Arminians Puritans, split into: Moderates (“Presbyterians”) Militants (“Independents”)

1645 Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) forms New Model Army with mostly Independent officers 1648-53 Rump Parliament 30th Jan 1649 Execution of Charles I

Other religious or socio-political groups: Baptists Society of Friends/Quakers Fifth Monarchy Men Ranters Levellers Diggers/True Levellers

Divine right vs. previous agreements and “popular” mandate Charles I’s frequent dissolution of parliament Parliament’s refusal to be dissolved (e.g. 1629) Concerns raised in Bill of Rights Need for a king