BELLWORK: April 10th What is a liberal democracy? Today, we will begin our study of Italian fascism and the rise of Mussolini. For bellwork, read pages 84-88 in the 2.1 packet and answer the following  What is a liberal democracy? Describe the factors that undermined liberal rule in Italy pre-WWI. What was the PSI? How did it view WWI? Why did Italy join the Triple Entente during WWI? How did this further political divisions in Italy? THINKER: What did the Treaty of London guarantee Italy post-war? (pg.87) Make a prediction  Were these demands met?

Chapter 2: German and Italian Expansion 2.1 - The impact of fascism on Italian foreign policy: the origins, 1870-1933

Factors that undermined liberal rule: Lack of National Identity Regionalism North vs. South

Factors that undermined liberal rule: Catholic Church Government challenged influence of Catholicism

Factors that undermined liberal rule: Working Class Protest Middle and Upper classes dominated politics (voting limited) Liberal gov corrupt General Strike 1892: PSI formed How did the PSI view WWI?

Giovanni Giolitti Italian PM (1903-09;1911-14)  liberal democracy Although he introduced successful reforms, his power would be challenged by WWI & the PSI

Factors that undermined liberal rule: Nationalist Opposition Filippo Marinetti – founder of Futurist Movement Glorified War Criticized weak liberal government Italy’s destiny after unification was to become a “Great Power” Wanted an empire to compete with Britain, France and Germany

Why did Italy join the Triple Entente?

Political Divisions during WWI Socialist Party (PSI) Mussolini a member, but his view on WWI gets him kicked out! “Imperialist War” Catholic church against PM Giolitti: Would destroy liberal Italy Nationalists Futurists King & Parliament Would gain more territories Would create an empire that rivaled other European powers Left-Wing: OPPOSED Right-Wing: SUPPORTED

King Victor Emmanuel III King of Italy from 1900-1946 Italian Monarchy enjoyed popular support due to government weaknesses and division

Treaty of London (pg. 87) Secret pact between Britain, France, Russia and Italy – they made promises to Italy to convince them to join the Allies Territories Balance of power Control in Mediterranean Involvement in partition of Turkey and A-H Share of war spoils Were these demands met? Why or why not?

“Total War” destruction in Italy led to increased political divisions, membership of radical parties (PSI), transition towards militant gov, and growth in Fascist Party! Italy & WWI

Italy’s embarrassment at Versailles “Italians were justified in viewing the Versailles Settlement as a mutilated victory.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? What went wrong?

Discuss: What is Fascism? Look at the characteristics of Fascism on page 89  What kind of foreign policy would you expect to see from a state following this ideology? https://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=aUcYU95k CAI

What is the difference between Fascism and Nazism?

Homework for Wednesday: Read/annotate pages 90-97

Group Discussion & Review How did the Fiume affair impact fascism? How did the fear of communism impact fascism? What were the causes/effects of the March on Rome? Describe how Mussolini consolidated his power after he was appointed PM. How was Mussolini’s totalitarian power challenged? How does this make him different than Hitler?

Gabriele D'Annunzio & The Fiume Affair How did this impact fascism?

Unrest in Italy = rise of communism How did the fear of communism impact fascism? “Vote for your country!”

By 1922….. Liberal democratic government was vulnerable  They failed to win the peace settlement They could not contain growing violence They could not stabilize the economy They could not stop the general strike started by communists/nationalists Fascists believe it is their time to take over! They are the only ones that could restore order! (Mussolini: “We must act fast. If the present regime is going to be superseded, we must be ready to take its place!”)

Causes & Effects: March on Rome https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cq2PUH Gj3a8

Mussolini’s Rise to Power: 1922 October 16: Mussolini meets with fascists and agree it’s time to seize power October 24: Fascist Congress declares intention to “March on Rome” October 27: Fascist military attempts to seize government buildings (increased fear) October 28: Government resigned; King sides with Mussolini October 29: King meets with Mussolini and appoints him PM Describe how Mussolini consolidated his power.

Fascist Youth Movement

Hitler vs. Mussolini How was Mussolini’s power challenged? How is this different than Hitler?

Life of Benito Mussolini: Il Duce Mother was a Catholic school teacher and father was a socialist & involved in politics. Mussolini was rebellious and was expelled after a series of behavior- related incidents, including throwing stones at the congregation after Mass, stabbing a fellow student in the hand and throwing an inkpot at a teacher Heavily influenced by nationalist sentiment of Giuseppe Garibaldi (even made a speech at the anniversary of his death!)

Benito Mussolini: Il Duce In 1902, Mussolini moved to Switzerland to avoid military service. Here, he became very active in nationalist movements and adopted his personal views (violence as a means of politics; and anti- democracy/capitalism) He became active in strikes and was even imprisoned for leading a violent strike in 1903 Deported back to Italy in 1909 and became a teacher

Benito Mussolini: Il Duce A man of contradictions: Religion Military Politics Marriage Became active in the Italian Socialist Party and gained popularity in 1910 by writing his own anti-Italian government newspaper Began to lead riots & protests against the Italian war in Libya By 1911, he was the most well- known socialist in Italy and had 100,000 followers After being expelled from the socialist party, Mussolini founded the Fascist movement.

Benito Mussolini: Il Duce Following the March on Rome in October 1922 he became the 27th Prime Minister of Italy. Destroyed all political opposition through his secret police (blackshirts) Within five years he established complete control and transformed the nation into a one-party dictatorship Mussolini remained in power until he was replaced in 1943 and died two years later.

Homework: due Thursday! “To make Italy great, respected and feared” – Mussolini Mussolini did not take power with a clear set of foreign policy goals, but after 1925, he developed a plan of action which included nationalism, revision of post-WWI settlement, domination of the Mediterranean and spread fascism. Vision of Italy as “the heir of Rome!” To learn about how he attempts to accomplish these goals, read the rest of the 2.1 packet!

BELLWORK: April 13th What was Mussolini’s “corporate state?” Was it successful? Describe two lessons learned by Mussolini after his actions in the Balkans (1923-24) THINKER: Earlier in his rule, Mussolini “negotiated” with European powers, but that all changed in 1930….why? Why was this a turning point for his foreign policy? When you are finished, copy the mind map template on page 84. We will use this for review!

Review: Factors influencing Mussolini’s Foreign Policy Divide the class into six groups Each group needs to review & re-teach how their assigned factor contributed to Mussolini’s foreign policy As you present, add these notes onto the mind map. The factors: Fascist ideology Nationalist views Earlier humiliations International situation Versailles settlement Economic resources

Are these examples of Mussolini’s “cooperation” or “aggression?” (103) Locarno, 1925 Corfu, 1923 Fiume, 1924 Aiding revolutionary movements, 1924-29 Albania, 1926 Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928 Crushing of Libyan Revolt, 1922-28 Treaty of Friendship with Abyssinia, 1928

Mussolini’s Early Life and Rise to Power https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EEkpN6r F0Kc

BELLWORK 4/14: Document fun  Source B (pg. 99)  What negatively impacted Mussolini’s foreign policy? Source C (pg.99-100)  List three reasons why Mussolini’s economic plans were unsuccessful. “Communication Skills” (pg. 103)  How does this source explain Mussolini’s style and methods? Source B (pg.104)What did Mussolini do to export fascism? THINKER: Reflect on the EA1 practice activity regarding Japan  What was the most difficult question? Why?