DNA PROFILING & PATERNITY TESTING By: A$AP S Dolla $ign, Riley McBuckets, and Jarretts_a_beast

DNA PROFILING What is DNA profiling? It is a technology used by many, DNA profiling has been around since 1986, where it was first used by the University of Lancaster's own Professor Jeffreys; in order to aid criminal criminal investigations and convict a suspect. A common use for DNA profiling is in the criminal justice field, so how does it help? When police need to place a person at the scene of a crime and do not have visible evidence, they turn to DNA Profiling, specifically the technique of fingerprinting. Fingerprinting is a very reliable way to identify a person on a genetic level, our genetics are 99.9% similar to each other, but the differences we have are enough to make us infinitely diverse.

HOW DOES IT WORK How it works is a DNA sample is taken then sent to a lab where it is 1) cut apart with enzymes, then 2) an electrical current is applied in order to separate the DNA into a gel; 3) finally the separated DNA is transferred into a membrane where the chemicals in the DNA can be observed as a band pattern. The sample is read and mapped. After the first input of DNA is logged and noted, a second sample is inputted into the scanner and mapped, the two samples of DNA are cross referenced and checked for matches along the DNA code.

THE PROCESS

CURRENT USES Criminal justice- it can help solve crimes by comparing DNA of suspects to offender samples, victorian law allows blood and saliva sample from criminals and suspects Used in conservation of diversity of animal species Dna fingerprinting may be replaced in the future by DNA sequencing

RISKS & BENEFITS OF DNA PROFILING NEGATIVE SOCIAL -Can give incorrect results because of cross contamination -Older dna testing tech can lead to false results -Only offer statistical probability DNA online can be subject to hacking Potential discrimination of social races -Can lead to loss of jobs based on a scandal -Can violate privacy - Innocent people have their fingerprints taken and are in data base forever HEALTH Positive results can help people prepare and make certain choices based on info from doctors and genetic counsellors. Allows doctors to be more specific with information.

RISKS & BENEFITS OF DNA PROFILING CONT... ECONOMIC - It has brought increased revenue in the sciences - Increased public and private services for individuals and businesses -Price has decreased drastically due to increasing popularity of the testing. BENEFITS IN SOCIETY DNA testing is very specific and very sensitive allowing for tests that are super small and specific -Allows police to narrow down suspects - It has increased the efficiency and the speed in which criminal cases can be solved. -Identify children if wrong baby is taken home from hospital -Can help prove infidelity -Reducing and Reversing Wrongful Convictions

OLD METHODS VS NEW

1.Insurance companies could use DNA information because it would show that some people have a predisposition to some diseases thus causing their insurance to go up; Blood testing is the most common type of testing. DNA fingerprinting allows for 99.9% accuracy on paternal testing so further research should be conducted in different areas like having separate databases for convicted criminals and innocent suspects and databases for missing children and disaster victims FUTURE USES Like a couple of years from now when most of us will be doing adult things, like complaining about the lights being on.

PATERNITY TESTING A paternity test provides clarity and a definitive answer to the famous question “Who is the father?”. But what if you don’t know exactly what a paternity test is, well you’re in luck. A paternity test is a test of DNA material, as humans our DNA is common, but certain areas contain specific DNA segments called Alleles, these are what a paternity test focuses on and uses to determine the result.

HOW DOES IT WORK Three DNA samples are taken from 1) The Mother 2) The child and 3) The alleged Father. The samples of half the Mother's DNA and half of the Child's DNA are matched together, only half of the DNA segments are matched because the Child is only half of the mother's DNA and the other half is the father’s. Once the match is confirmed between the mother and child, the father’s DNA segment is inputted along side the child's. If the alleles are a match then that man is in fact the father, but if they do not match perfectly, the man is permanently excluded and is not a subject for testing.

How do they apply to real life? Paternity- to determine whether the alleged father is the actual biological father Twins- to determine whether the twins are identical or fraternal although it is hard to tell Siblings- adopted people may not have DNA tests to determine whether their alleged biological siblings are their blood siblings CURRENT USES How do they apply to real life?

You know, around the age where you start liking the taste of scotch. There isn’t really much for paternity testing in the future other than that they will keep doing what they’re doing because it is successful and was created for the purpose of determining the father and not anything else. FUTURE USES You know, around the age where you start liking the taste of scotch.

Risks & Benefits of Paternity testing Negatives - Prenatal testing may not find every problem, even if you don't do chromosomal testing but just have an ultrasound done. -Small risk of certain prenatal testing such as amniocentesis sampling may increase the risk of pregnancy loss. - Rare chance of fetus deformation or damage Benefits -These tests don’t look for every possible disorder, though they do help identify the most common ones. - will tell you if your baby is developing normally You can arrange for procedures during pregnancy You can treat a condition that doctors might not detect at birth

KNOW WHO TO CALL DADDY

KNOW YOURSELF

Now it’s your turn. There was a break in at your house last night, the suspect went into your room and logged onto your computer. The suspect stole all of your memes and your webkinz password, but cut his finger on your katana. You, being a bio whiz swabb the keyboard for a blood sample in order to collect DNA, then you send the samples to a lab. There are 4 different DNA samples present. Which of the suspects were at the crime scene?

Whoooo are you? Who who? Who who?

Your turn to be Maury

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K5VlJo-XYGE