Concerns and Conflicts in the Middle East Lesson #504

What was happening in Iran in 1980s? The roots of our problem with Iran began during the Cold War.

Old Iran Persian Empire – an ancient culture Very powerful Very advanced Gardens, architecture, science – “paradise” Conquered by the Muslim Empire ~650 Became a Sunni Muslim region of Islamic Empire Persia shook off Sunni Muslims in 1500 Established Shia as official religion To show break with past conquerors New Persian king: “The Shah”

Iran in a modern age The Shah was forced to accept a constitution in ~1905 – A FORM OF DEMOCRACY The democracy was overthrown by Reza Khan in 1925 – remained unto the 1940s His goal: more quickly modernize Iran Suspected of supporting the Nazis, he was force to abdicate in favor of his son, Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi In 1961, The Shah launched the White Revolution: a broad modernization plan The conservative Muslims HATED this

The Shah of Iran HE WAS A DICTATOR! Dictator of Iran up to 1979 Iran was modernizing But… The Shah of Iran HE WAS A DICTATOR! 7m Conservative Religious people did not like the fast modern changes

The Shah of Iran Why would we liked him? Pro-Western Wanted to modernize Friendly to USA More into gender equity Why we would not like him? Ruthless dictator Killed protestors Created instability Rick Steves - 7:45-13:45

What two very different sections of Iranian society would want the Shah gone?

The Islamic Revolution in Iran January, 1979 Shah overthrown by a combination of two groups Conservatives, who hated the modernization Modernists, who hated his dictatorial ways Two weeks later, Ayatollah became supreme leader

American Hostage Crisis USA refused to recognize the revolution Iranian students stormed the US embassy 52 Americans captured – held hostage 444 Days All diplomatic ties were cut off by new Iranian government Americans were LIVID

The New Iran, post 1979 Women must be covered Became an Islamic dictatorship click

US and Iranian relations Our relationship with Iran in the 1980s and 1990s was non-existent - We no longer had an embassy We talked to their government through other governments Iran seemed to go backward socially since 1979 All women must wear the Chador All men must pray 5x a day Western ways were seen as corrupt USA was called “the Great Satan”

US and Iranian relations Iran went to war 1980-1988 against Iraq Iran built up military in 1990s to the strongest in the region We issued sanctions against Iran in 1979, and continued up until Jan 16, 2016 We used them to try to control Iran “Sanctions” prevent a nation from gaining international aid Most recently, we used sanctions to try to force end Iran’s nuclear weapons development and production (2006 during Bush Presidency)

US and Iranian relations The recent nuclear deal: Iran has promised to halt all Weapons production, in return, they got: Full access to $150 billion of potential revenues $1.3 billion of US tax dollars as interest payments on a $400,000 trust set up just before diplomatic relations soured in 1979

Meanwhile… in Iraq…

Iraq also had a shift in leadership Iraq was an Arab republic from WWII to the modern era. General Saddam Hussein staged a Military coup 1979 became dictator New government ran by Saddam & Ba’ath Party Enormously powerful Repressive Territorial dispute with newly formed Iranian government led quickly to a long, bloody war

Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988 Iraq invaded Iran REASONS: Saddam saw Iran in chaos Arabs vs. Persians Control oil Control Gulf

American Role AMERICAN GOALS: Openly support Iraq Keep the new dictatorships fighting Secretly support Iran Iran-Contra sale of weapons War ended 1989 No clear winner 1 million Iranian deaths Iraq lost billions of $$

Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait 1990 – new war, new enemy Iraq suddenly invaded Kuwait Reasons: Kuwait was stealing oil from Iraq Kuwait was land that should be Iraq Kuwait was not supportive enough in Iran-Iraq War Kuwait drove down price of oil – Hurt Iraqi economy click

Know as “The Gulf War” (1989-1990) Iraq invaded Kuwait Kuwait asked for our help Saudi Arabia asked for our protection US demanded Iraq get out Iraq refused USA took a hard line against Iraq Al Qaida disgusted that USA was “invading” region

Describe the picture What actually is happening What you think Saddam is trying to show is happening? What actually is happening

American Response Operation Desert Shield 500,000 Americans sent to Saudi Arabia (to protect those Saudi oil fields, and prepare invasion of Iraq) 37 nation coalition Demand: get out of Kuwait

Operation Desert Shield (1989-1990) US built coalition of nations (support) US shifted 500,000 troops to Saudi Arabia To protect oil Islamists angered by American meddling

Operation Desert Storm American invasion of Kuwait Reasons: Iraq was HORRIBLE to Kuwaitis Iraq could control oil market if it owned Kuwait Expectation: months of horrible fighting, American deaths

American victory Almost no American casualties Iraqi army surrendered to anyone Iraq was humiliated Islamists hated that Americans didn’t leave Gen Norman Schwarzkopf

New problem: TERRORISM Things seemed to be all calm Then… 9-11 American was back at war Al Qaeda in Afghanistan Saddam in Iraq AMERICANS WERE ANGRY AT MIDDLE EAST

New War: Global War on Terror (GWOT) GOALS Find terrorists Deny terrorists funds Destroy terrorist networks

Two wars Afghanistan (2001-present) 2. Iraq (2003-2012) Goal: Find those responsible for 9-11 Dismantle terrorist groups responsible for 9-11 Help create stability in Middle East 2. Iraq (2003-2012) Eliminate terrorist support structure Remove Saddam Hussein Help create a stable, lawful Iraqi government

NEW GENERATION OF WAR America fights back GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR Operation Enduring Freedom Operation Iraqi Freedom

Operation Iraqi Freedom Saddam was supporting terrorists Saddam may have been creating WMD Tons of chemical weapons disappeared Invasion into Iraq 2003 Saddam was to be replaced with a democratic government Goal: remove Saddam Replace him with a democratic government

Purpose in Iraq Remove Saddam Hussein He had been supporting terrorists He was building forces back up after Iraq War

Success in Iraq Problem: recreate a democratic government First election in 2005 – formed new government Women voted Protected “real” elections First real election in January 2010

Purpose in Afghanistan Remove Al Qaeda terrorists Taliban government fought our efforts New goal: remove Taliban government US Troops to leave in 2017

Terrorism Global War on Terrorism (2001-now) Terrorism – what is it?! Terrorism Global War on Terrorism (2001-now)

TERRORISM – a definition Come up with a definition Think of: who does it? What do they want? How do they expect to get it? How do they go about getting their attention?

TERRORISM – a definition Destructive actions meant to create dramatic fear and to shift political support for a cause Usually violent Considered illegal They usually target innocent people (civilians) Terrorists usually say they are fighting for a bigger cause

Civilian Targets

Suicide Bombing

Terrorists can act alone… Subtitle spoof

… or with a group Click – 3m

A quick history of Terrorism 66-72 AD - Romans attacked by people they controlled “terrorism” first used by French Revolutionaries to scare French people to stay “with” the revolution Terrorism is usually used by people who feel they are oppressed, and have no other means of getting attention for their cause

Terrorism in recent times IRA in Ireland Palestinians in Israel

Increase in attacks

Terrorism in America Ted Kaczynski, the "Unabomber" Nationwide bombing campaign Between 1978 and 1995 Opposed modern technology, industrialization Mailed and planted homemade bombs killing three people; injuring 23 others. Ted Kaczynski, the "Unabomber" Went to Harvard at age 16 Was guinea pig in stress experiments Earned PhD in math from Mich. Professor @ age 25, UC Berkeley Quit Recluse in Montana Sent 16 bombs in 17 years In prison for life

American Terrorist Timothy McVeigh Oklahoma City bombing Click – 3m Timothy McVeigh Oklahoma City bombing Detonated a truck bomb next to Federal Building in Oklahoma City, 1995. Killed 168 people and injured over 600 Found guilty Executed quickly (four years) He hoped to inspire a revolt against what he considered to be a tyrannical federal government.

Foreign terrorist in America, WTC 1993 World Trade Center bomber, 1993 Car bomb - detonated below North Tower 1,500 lb (680 kg) bomb intended kill 250,000 people It failed, but killed six people and injured 1,042 Ramzi Yousef Yousef sent letter to New York Times after the bombing: The bombing was “in response for the American support to Israel," And he hoped to show Americans the pain they caused to the Japanese in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Foreign terrorist, WTC 1993 Sentenced to 240 yrs in prison Yousef prayed almost every hour Made many attempts to convert Cellmates on "Bomber's Row." Timothy McVeigh Ted Kaczynsk Yousef reportedly converted to Christianity in 2005. Ramzi Yousef "Yes, I am a terrorist, and proud of it as long as it is against the U.S. government and Israel, because you are more than terrorists; you are the one who invented terrorism and using it every day. You are butchers, liars and hypocrites."

Our first real attack of TERRORISM in America: Americans were confused Most had no idea anyone was mad at us Most Americans wanted revenge AMERICANS WERE ANGRY AT All of the MIDDLE EAST All MUSLIMS

Where did terrorists come from? Small in number Mostly made up of VERY loyal Muslims Most just want “Western” things out of Middle East Problem: we depend on Middle Eastern Oil

9-11 (Sept. 11, 2001) New York city World Trade Center Became known as “GROUND ZERO”

What is the history of terrorism? Click – 36min history of terrorism

Anti-Terrorism Measures

Anti-Terrorism Counter-Terrorism Goal – prevent terrorism Prepare and defend ourselves from them React to them after they attack – keep others safe EXAMPLE: AIRPORT SECURITY Counter-Terrorism Goal – defeat terrorism Deny them the ability to attack Find and attack terrorists to eliminate them EXAMPLE: TRACK DOWN TERRORIST RING & DESTROY

Counter Terrorism Measures

Goal of War on Terror Find terrorists Deny terrorists funds Destroy terrorist networks

Purpose of troops in Afghanistan Remove Al Qaeda terrorists Taliban government fought our efforts New goal: remove Taliban government US Troop became advisors at end of 2014

Understanding Sept 11. Click- 56min War on Terror

Modern History of Terrorism Terrorism is Asymmetric Warfare. Asymmetric warfare is the use of apparently random/unpredictable violence by an weak military against a stronger military to gain advantage. (Allen, 1997). The key of Asymmetric warfare is using unexpected, unconventional tactics in combat (Craig, 1998). There has been much discussion of Asymmetric Warfare. This is where a superior power is confronted with an unconventional, much smaller enemy. However, the enemy has a fervent belief in a cause, but attacks using new, often never used before approaches often to the surprise of the dominant force. Arthur H. Garrison, How the World Changed: a History of the Development of Terrorism, presented at Delaware criminal Justice Council Annual Retreat, Oct 28-29, 2001 http://www.state.de.us/cjc/history.ppt Arthur H. Garrison

Prevention of Terrorism Primary prevention: Education!!! Understand the differences in cultures, religions, beliefs and human behaviors Think of the peace, freedom and equality of all human beings, not just “my group of people” Eliminate the root of terrorism Just because of its uncertainty, it is hard to collect unbiased data on terrorism and it is hard to propose specific prevention measures. Here we present the general approaches of prevention from the epidemiological and public health point of view.

Prevention of Terrorism Secondary prevention: Establish surveillance and monitoring system on terrorism attack Improve protective system for citizens

Prevention of Terrorism Tertiary prevention Early detection of the sources Prevent the extension of impairments Rescue the survivors Console the rest of the population

Types of Terrorism Domestic terrorism involves groups whose terrorist activities are directed at elements of our government without foreign involvement. Oklahoma City is a primary example. International terrorism involves groups whose terrorist activities are foreign-based and/or directed by countries or groups outside the United States. Sept. 11 is an example of International Terrorism. Recent Trends in Domestic and International Terrorism, the Center for National Security Studies, http://nsi.org/Library/Terrorism/tertrend.html the Center for National Security Studies

Methods of Terrorism Firearms Explosive and Incendiary Devices Chemical Agents Biological Agents Nuclear Weapon

Suspicious Thing to Look for http://www.emergency.com/pkgbomb.htm From Emergency Net NEWS Archives, 1994 Document Courtesy of the U.S. Postal Inspector's Office

Death Rate of Various Causes in 2000 USA and that from Terrorism Heart disease* One in 400 Cancer * One in 500 Cerebrovascular diseases* One in 2,000 Accidents * One in 3,000 Diabetes* One in 4,000 Suicide* One in 10,000 Homicide* One in 20,000 Terrorism in 2001 One in 100,000 Terrorism in 1990’s One in 50,000,000 * Age adjusted death rate in 2000. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 49, No. 12, Oct 9, 2001.

Why did terrorism draw considerable attention in 2001? The risk of dying from terrorism was extremely low in 1990’s, and was still relatively low compared with some diseases in 2001 But the death rate increased by 500 times in 2001 due to Sept. 11 Overall the death rate of terrorism has not been high Despite the low risk, shock, surprise and fear engulfed the United States and world The risk of dying from terrorism was even lower than that from hitting by lightening. Assume how surprised you will be, if someone tell you that your chance of hitting by lightening will be as high as that of homicide.

Conclusion Terrorism is unlawful act Terrorism has a long history of being used to achieve political, religious and ideological objectives Terrorism can be conducted through firearms, explosive devices and biological, chemical, nuclear materials Even through the events of 2001,the risk of dying from terrorism has remained much lower than that from motor vehicles, smoking, and alcoholic beverage. Sources: Information on how to help children understand the terrorist attacks: Suggestions for Adults: Talking and Thinking with Children About the Terrorist Attacks http://www.ed.gov/inits/september11/adults.html Suggestions for Educators: Meeting the Needs of Students http://www.ed.gov/inits/september11/educators.html A Letter to Elementary School Students from First Lady Laura Bush http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/letter2.html A Letter to Middle and High School Students from First Lady Laura Bush http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/letter1.html President Bush Participates in Launch of Friendship Through Education Consortium http://www.friendshipthrougheducation.org/ School Officials Urged to Prevent Harassment of Muslim and Arab-American Students http://www.ed.gov/PressReleases/09-2001/09192001c.html Where you can find additional information and resources: American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry http://www.aacap.org/ American Counseling Association http://www.counseling.org American Psychological Association Online: Help with Trauma http://www.apa.org/psychnet/coverage.html Emergency Services and Disaster Relief Branch, Center for Mental Health http://www.mentalhealth.org/cmhs/emergencyservices/ Helping Children and Adolescents Cope with Violence and Disasters http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/violence.cfm Helping Children Cope with Disaster, National Parent Information Network http://npin.org/library/2001/n00563/n00563.html High Schools for Heroes http://www.hs4heroes.org National Association of School Psychologists http://www.nasponline.org National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder http://www.ncptsd.org/what_is_new.html Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Trauma, Disasters, and Violence http://www.nimh.nih.gov/anxiety/ptsdmenu.cfm Talking with Children When Disaster Strikes http://www.tpt.org/TPTspecial_edition/walsh.html Ten Tips to Help Your Kids Deal with Violence, Parenting Press http://www.parentingpress.com/resp_10_tips.html Terrorism and Children, Purdue University Extension http://www.ces.purdue.edu/terrorism/children/index.html University of Oklahoma, Department of Pediatrics http://peds.ouhsc.edu/ U.S. Government Information and Resources in Response to September 11th Events http://www.firstgov.gov/featured/usgresponse.html