(Part 30, PP 2007, animation+p/r : 2015.06.02 short version compr.) Part 30/2 TrV-1 Beprövade tekniska lösningar för ”vattendrabbade” tunnlar i komplicerade hydrogeologiska bergförhållande VI-2015 revised 2016 (Part 30, PP 2007, animation+p/r : 2015.06.02 short version compr.) Copyright notice Unauthorised copying of this presentation as whole or in parts in any form or by any means, electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permision is prohibited. ready

The Great Melen Project in Istanbul press press press ready The Great Melen Project in Istanbul press

The Great Melen Project in Istanbul There are two ways to set, or harden, liquid sodium silicates for grouting applications. The first way is by lowering the silicate’s pH. This causes the SiO2 species to polymerize into a gel. Some setting agents will hydrolyze over time and form an a cid that will set the silicate. By controlling the composition of the setting agent, and therefore the rate of hydrolysis, the gel time of the grout can be tightly controlled. The second way to set a silicate grout is to react it with soluble metals to form insoluble metal silicates. These grouts generally have higher strength and are lower in cost. Typically, PQ’s N® sodium silicate is used for grouting applications. It is diluted to reduce its viscosity, so that it penetrates soils more easily. The viscosity adjustment takes into account the soil permeability and the strength requirement of the grouted mass. The strength of a silicate-grouted soil is influenced by several factors: concentration of silicate in the grout formulation composition and particle size distribution of the soil selection and amount of hardening agents  chemistry of the surrounding waters Soil grouting and ground modification with sodium silicate is a sophisticated engineering application and requires specialized equipment and expertise. The Great Melen Project in Istanbul Probe drillings related to the geological profile Exploration inadequate even with 2 probe holes press ready

Bosphorus There are two ways to set, or harden, liquid sodium silicates for grouting applications. The first way is by lowering the silicate’s pH. This causes the SiO2 species to polymerize into a gel. Some setting agents will hydrolyze over time and form an a cid that will set the silicate. By controlling the composition of the setting agent, and therefore the rate of hydrolysis, the gel time of the grout can be tightly controlled. The second way to set a silicate grout is to react it with soluble metals to form insoluble metal silicates. These grouts generally have higher strength and are lower in cost. Typically, PQ’s N® sodium silicate is used for grouting applications. It is diluted to reduce its viscosity, so that it penetrates soils more easily. The viscosity adjustment takes into account the soil permeability and the strength requirement of the grouted mass. The strength of a silicate-grouted soil is influenced by several factors: concentration of silicate in the grout formulation composition and particle size distribution of the soil selection and amount of hardening agents  chemistry of the surrounding waters Soil grouting and ground modification with sodium silicate is a sophisticated engineering application and requires specialized equipment and expertise. second probe hole (not performed) fault 6m second probe hole (not performed) tunnel 40m dip 1 probe hole only the end of excavation (planned) The Great Melen Project in Istanbul – optional case → cross section press ready press press

?? Necessity of probe (exploratory) holes! Tunnelling contractors ready Héðinsfjarðargöng Project – face collapse at Ólafsfjördur Tunnel (high water pressure in the fault located to close to the blasting front !!!)  Ólafsfjördur Tunnel – weak zone not detected press press

Drilling for pre grouting (umbrella) – Arrowhead Tunnels (USA) There are two ways to set, or harden, liquid sodium silicates for grouting applications. The first way is by lowering the silicate’s pH. This causes the SiO2 species to polymerize into a gel. Some setting agents will hydrolyze over time and form an a cid that will set the silicate. By controlling the composition of the setting agent, and therefore the rate of hydrolysis, the gel time of the grout can be tightly controlled. The second way to set a silicate grout is to react it with soluble metals to form insoluble metal silicates. These grouts generally have higher strength and are lower in cost. Typically, PQ’s N® sodium silicate is used for grouting applications. It is diluted to reduce its viscosity, so that it penetrates soils more easily. The viscosity adjustment takes into account the soil permeability and the strength requirement of the grouted mass. The strength of a silicate-grouted soil is influenced by several factors: concentration of silicate in the grout formulation composition and particle size distribution of the soil selection and amount of hardening agents  chemistry of the surrounding waters Soil grouting and ground modification with sodium silicate is a sophisticated engineering application and requires specialized equipment and expertise. Drilling for pre grouting (umbrella) from back position and through cutter head The principles for execution of the probe drilling and pre grouting with holes through A-ports in the cutter head (for almost horizontally holes) – green holes and through the B-ports from the “back position” inclined 7.5º outwards – blue holes press press Drilling for pre grouting (umbrella) – Arrowhead Tunnels (USA) ready Drilling for pre grouting (umbrella) from back position – Arrowhead Tunnels (USA)

There are two ways to set, or harden, liquid sodium silicates for grouting applications. The first way is by lowering the silicate’s pH. This causes the SiO2 species to polymerize into a gel. Some setting agents will hydrolyze over time and form an a cid that will set the silicate. By controlling the composition of the setting agent, and therefore the rate of hydrolysis, the gel time of the grout can be tightly controlled. The second way to set a silicate grout is to react it with soluble metals to form insoluble metal silicates. These grouts generally have higher strength and are lower in cost. Typically, PQ’s N® sodium silicate is used for grouting applications. It is diluted to reduce its viscosity, so that it penetrates soils more easily. The viscosity adjustment takes into account the soil permeability and the strength requirement of the grouted mass. The strength of a silicate-grouted soil is influenced by several factors: concentration of silicate in the grout formulation composition and particle size distribution of the soil selection and amount of hardening agents  chemistry of the surrounding waters Soil grouting and ground modification with sodium silicate is a sophisticated engineering application and requires specialized equipment and expertise. ready press The Great Melen Project in Istanbul – drilling from B-ports (back position) The Great Melen Project in Istanbul – drilling from A-ports (through cutterhead) press press

press ready Drilling from A-ports (through cutterhead) with preventers (close mode) and without preventers (open mode) press

press press press ready

The Great Melen Project in Istanbul Water ingress before annulus grouting The Great Melen Project in Istanbul 7.439% Mucking impossible ready

Water ingress still after annulus grouting: – necessity of cut-off membranes with PUR or OMR ready

The Great Melen Project. Cut-off grouting (proof grouting) with PUR/OMR press ready 12

The Great Melen Project in Istanbul – grouting options press press press press ready The Great Melen Project in Istanbul – grouting options press

One of the largest problems for sub-water Safety: One of the largest problems for sub-water tunnelling is uncontrolled water ingress. Two of the biggest risks are: 1. Immediate flooding. 2. Ground collapse associated with water ingress. Safety: One of the largest problems for sub-water tunnelling is uncontrolled water ingress. Two of the biggest risks are: 1. Immediate flooding. 2. Ground collapse associated with water ingress. press ready press

2. Dränering vs isolering vs injektering för tunnels täthet ready

Principles of tunnel sealing (valid for D&B method) or shotcrete or shotcrete 1. Grouting of rock mass: pre- and optionally post grouting. 2. Drainage and waterproof membranes. 3a. Primary shotcrete layer and waterproof (?) secondary shotcrete layer performed with anti-cracking netting (mesh) and/or fiber + waterproofing additives. 3b. Primary shotcrete layer and waterproof secondary layer performed as in situ cast-in-place concrete lining without reinforcement or reinforced – optionally with anti-cracking netting (mesh) and/or fiber + waterproofing additives. press press press press ready

press ready

Typical shotcrete final lining detail Presented drawing displays a typical shotcrete final lining section with waterproofing system, welded wire fabric (WWF), lattice girder, grouting hoses for contact grouting and a final shotcrete layer with PP fiber addition press ready

Example for drainage into the side pipe The groundwater flowing into the tunnel invert is collected with a granular filter and a perforated pipe in the longitudinal direction, placed in the deepest part in the invert ready Example for drainage into the side pipe

Héðinsfjarðargöng Project – tunnel excavation ready Héðinsfjarðargöng Project – tunnel excavation

Water ingress in heavy leaking zones ready Water ingress in heavy leaking zones

Fault above tunnel invert after PUR pre grouting ready Fault above tunnel invert after PUR pre grouting

Stone from the face grouted with PUR – solid form like amber of PU resin (Ólafsfjörður Tunnel) Large fault grouted with PUR (Ólafsfjörður Tunnel) press ready

PUR as “hard” amber (Ólafsfjörður Tunnel) ready PUR as “hard” amber (Ólafsfjörður Tunnel)

Fault above tunnel invert before wash-out of fill material press ready Fault above tunnel invert before wash-out of fill material Fault above tunnel invert after wash-out of fill material

Tunnel finishing works: ready press press press Tunnel finishing works: grouting + drainage + waterproofing membrane (+ thermal isolation) + shotcrete Tunnel primary works

Thank You for Your attention! THE END of Part 2 Thank You for Your attention! Ph.D Civ. Eng. Tomasz Najder Senior Consultant Najder Engineering AB Movägen 3, 133 36 Saltsjöbaden - Sweden Org. no: 556957 – 5433 Tel: 0046 (0)8 717 5714 Fax: 0046 (0)8 717 6042 Mobil: 0046 (0)704 217 012 E-mail: tomasz.najder@hotmail.com www.najder.se ready