PROFESSIONAL ASSET MANAGEMENT

Basic Categories Private Management: Clients each have a separate account {popular with institutions} Account 1 Investor 1 $ $ Asset manager $ Account 2 $ Investor 2 Account

Basic Categories Investment Companies: Sell shares of the fund and invest the proceeds in a portfolio of stocks, bonds, or other assets Investor 1 Fund Shares $$ Fund Portfolio $ Asset manager Investor 2 Fund Shares

Professional Asset Management vs. Individuals 1. Diversification 2. Record Keeping 3. Professional Management 4. Lower Transaction Costs

Net Asset Value Example Market Value = $100 mil Number of Shares = 10 mil NAV = $100 / 10 = $10 / share Suppose Market Value goes up to $123.85 mil, the management fees during that period were $0.1 mil, and the fund issued an additional one million shares. What is the ending NAV? NAV = (123.85 – 0.1) / 11 = $11.25 / share

Mutual Funds Fund manager is always willing to buy back (redeem) shares or sell additional shares at the NAV. Shares may not be bought from or sold to anyone except the Fund. Shares of the fund are always valued at NAV (calculated at the end of each day). Total number of shares outstanding will change as fund sells/buys shares.

Mutual Funds World-wide, there is more than $30 trillion of AUM (assets under management) in mutual funds About one-half of that is in U.S. funds 52% of U.S. funds are equity funds 81.6% of U.S. equity funds are actively managed

Loads: Sales Charge Front End: Paid when shares are purchased. 3% of NAV is typical Back End: Paid when shares are redeemed 5-10% fee on sale. Typically drops by 1% every year. No-Load: No sales charge.

12b-1 Fees An alternative to a load to cover advertising & marketing expenses. Can be found in both loaded and no-load funds Can deduct as much as .75% of assets annually to cover fund advertising & marketing.

Records Fees Funds can charge as much as .25% of assets annually for records fees.

Management Fees Range is typically .20% to 1.00%. Does not include trading commissions

Expense Ratio Expense Ratio = Annual Expenses/$ Amt of Fund Assets Annual Expenses are: Management fees, 12b-1 fees, records fees (NOT front or back-end loads and not trading commissions)

Expense Ratio Studies find that funds with lower expense ratios earn higher (net) returns than those with higher expense ratios.

Taxes Mutual funds have pass-through-status which means that taxes are paid only by the investor, not the mutual fund. Capital gains are passed through to investors who owned shares of the fund during the year when the fund sold the security This means that investors can be taxed on gains they never received It might be better to buy shares of a fund at the beginning of the year than at the end of the year Not an issue if in a tax-deferred retirement account

Performance Many Studies find active managers (on average) underperform benchmarks after costs and fees by about 1% per year. Good performance is associated with low expense ratio. Very low correlation between top funds one year and top funds the next year. Some positive correlation between bottom funds one year and bottom funds the next year. Investors tend to put more money in funds that have recently done well Investors in mutual funds tend to overweight growth stocks

ETFs Exchange Traded Funds Close-end index funds Most trade on AMEX Indexes for every sector, region and style Most trade on AMEX Low expense ratios Trade like stocks Can be shorted Can be purchased on margin More transparent than mutual funds Trade very close to NAV

Hedge Funds Similar to Mutual Funds Lightly Regulated Only open to “Accredited” Investors Only recently allowed to advertise No secondary market Not regularly marked-to-market due to illiquid investments Can be highly leveraged Often require a lockup period for investors

Common Hedge Fund Investment Strategies Long/Short – Market Neutral Convertible Arbitrage Merger Arbitrage Statistical Arbitrage Distressed Companies

Compensation Structure Management Fee similar to mutual funds Usually 1-2% of AUM(assets under management) Performance Fee – typically 20% of profits Leads to emphasis on absolute return rather than relative return May be a hurdle rate for performance fee

Results Often difficult to know for sure Some appear to be very high Some studies say the industry averages are no better than mutual funds Additional fees can cut into positive results – Especially funds of funds

Some Well-Known Hedge Funds Renaissance Citadel Millenium Paulson and Co. Maverick S.A.C. Capital Advisors