The Manchester Model: The way forward in designing out crime? Dr Leanne Monchuk

Content of presentation What is Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED)? The delivery of CPTED 3) Brief overview of doctoral research Case study example

What is CPTED? “The proper design and effective use of the built environment, that can lead to a reduction in the fear or incidence of crime and an improvement in the quality of life” (Crowe, 2000 p. 46) 5 principles of CPTED: Physical security Surveillance Movement control Defensible space Management & maintenance (Armitage, 2013)

Does it work? Independent academic evaluations suggest that crime can be prevented through design. Evaluation of Secured by Design in West Yorkshire (Armitage & Monchuk, 2011) Burglary rate 75% higher in the non-SBD sample SBD developments = less self-reported crime SBD developments = less visual signs of disorder

Policy & guidance Section 17 Crime and Disorder Act (1998) “it shall be the duty of each authority…to do all that it reasonably can to prevent crime and disorder in its area” National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF): should aim to ensure that developments create safe and accessible environments where crime and disorder, and the fear of crime, do not undermine quality of life or community cohesion (DCLG, 2012 p.15). No systematic process to ensure that the police are involved in the design of new developments This applies across police forces and within forces

CPTED & the planning process Planning Application submitted to Local Authority Planning Permission Granted or Refused Development

International references to Manchester…

Doctoral research (PhD) 1) Examine how CPTED is delivered across Greater Manchester Process of delivery - Crime Impact Statement (CIS) 4 case studies – CIS Interviews with representatives from LPAs 2) Examine how CPTED is actually applied across England and Wales Whether ALOs are able to successfully predict the nature and location of crime risk in the built environment

Assessing the application of CPTED 28 of the most experienced ALOs in England & Wales

Assessing the application of CPTED Property crime: Burglary dwelling Burglary other Vehicle crime: Theft of motor vehicle Theft from motor vehicle

Is there a skill? Many factors may determine victimisation, but if there is a skill, prediction has to be better than chance There is a skill (better than chance) Former built environment professionals tended to perform better Former built environment professionals were less risk averse

Case study analysis 4 residential developments tracked using ‘Diary of Activity Sheets’ Meetings Telephone calls Site visits Emails/Letters Planning application etc Built and resided in Police recorded crime data (May 2012 – May 2014)

Case study example 12 two-bedroomed flats, 12 car parking spaces and landscaping Site was an open green space Two sides of the development abutted the public highway and two sides were adjacent to existing housing (semi-detached and terraced housing) Housing association High crime area (criminal damage & burglary)

Case study example Layout of development Entrances to rear Lack of habitable rooms to side Concerns about lack of surveillance over entrances and car parking area

Case study example Plan amended to ensure that: all main entrances were accessed off the main road additional windows had been incorporated to increase levels of surveillance

Management & Maintenance Case study example CPTED principle Recommendations Action? Defensible space Some form of defensible space at front of development. Space demarcated through the use of fencing & planting. Side & rear boundaries of the development should clearly demarcated. 2100mm fencing erected to the side of the development & 1800mm high fencing to the rear. Additional 300mm of trellis was not installed. Management & Maintenance Landscaping well maintained & automatic gates checked regularly. Policy unknown.

Case study example During period of analysis 1 criminal damage (other) recorded. The modus operandi states young people accessed communal garden area and have defaced the communal washing line. 2,100 individual properties / 635 recorded calls for service. Less serious wounding; burglary; criminal damage and theft.

Key points… Research confirms that opportunities for crime and disorder can be reduced through the design of the built environment No burglary dwelling or burglary other was recorded at any of the four developments during the period of analysis Manchester model atypical Consider CPTED early in the process Evolving - wanting to improve service delivered

Thank you Dr Leanne Monchuk +44 (0)1484 472670 l.y.monchuk@hud.ac.uk