Coastal Landscapes Exam skills

Questions based on photos You must know how ‘they’ look! See slides at the end of this presentation.

June 2014

Describe the characteristics of destructive waves Describe the characteristics of destructive waves. Use evidence for Figure 1 in your answer. (2) Ensure that you make clear link(s) to the image with comments like ‘as shown in Figure 1, destructive waves look steep and high. Evidence is needed for full mark. The second mark comes from your knowledge: e.g. They are above 1m in height (1) • They have a greater / strong backwash (1)

June 2013

Study Figure 1c. It shows coastal management. Name three types of coastal management shown in Figure 1c. Annotate the sketch to explain how one of the coastal management methods reduces the effects of coastal recession. (4)

Groynes, Sea Wall or Rip Rap (Rock Armour) Max 2 if descriptive only Max 2 if not annotated. Has to include an element of explanation. Note: only one annotation needed for max.

Study Figure 1a. It shows Poole Harbour, Dorset. Name landform A shown on Figure 1a. Outline the impacts of longshore drift on this coastline in terms of landforms. (4)

A – Beach -Accept spit Must include definition of LSD. Direction of LSD and how it affects the formation of the beach and the spit

Describe the effects of coastal erosion near Brook Green Describe the effects of coastal erosion near Brook Green. You should only use evidence from Figure 1a. (3) A type of mass movement is shown in Figure 1a. The type of mass movement is Outline the process of this type of mass movement. (2)

Describe the effects of coastal erosion near Brook Green Describe the effects of coastal erosion near Brook Green. You should only use evidence from Figure 1a. (3) Point mark Credit straight lifts from text. Barriers put in as an extra (1) Drop of 5 metres (1) Loss of land (1) Disruption to traffic (1) Threat of a future landslide (1) Traffic is controlled by lights (1) Loss of coastal path (1) Coastal road is disrupted (1)

Which process of mass movement has occurred at S? (1) Name landforms Y and Z shown in Figure 1a.(2)

Rotational) slumping, slide, land slide, land slip, slump. Not soil creep or land fall Z – Cliff, headland Y – Headland, bay, beach, shingle ridge.

Name landform X. (1) Name TWO other coastal landforms shown on Figure 1a. (2)

(i)Stump (ii) Headland Bay Beach Stack Cliff

What type of mass movement has occurred here? (1) Describe the effects of mass movement shown on Figure 1b. (3)

(i) Slumping (ii) Loss of property (1) Damage to farm buildings (1) Potential loss of earnings (1) Loss of land

Command words Outline: brief explanation Compare: use of comparative words within the same sentence. Describe Explain

June 2014

June 2013 Outline how mass movement impacts on coastal landforms. (3) Wave action/sea/rain can cause the cliffs to become saturated (1), if made of clay (1). Over time the material in the cliff becomes weakened and subject to gravity (1) cliff material slides down thereby removing material (1). Slumping causes a downward moment of material (1) this leaves a curved shape (1).

June 2013 Outline how geology affects the rate of coastal recession Max 2 if geology is not linked to rate. Reserve one mark for named rock types e.g. chalk (in correct context). Could refer to geological strength of rock, jointing within rock or orientation. e.g. Harder rock is more durable (1) than softer rock. For examples granite is stronger than clay (1). Jointed rock is more susceptible to erosion (1) as it has weaknesses (1). Discordant coastline allows the formation of headlands and bays(1), perpendicular to coast (1). Do not credit opposite comments e.g. hard rock is stronger = less erosion, soft rock is weaker = more erosion.

Compare the advantages of types of soft and hard engineering used on the coast. (4) Ensure that the use of comparative words is clear June 2014

Describe questions

June 2013- Describe the cliff and wave-cut platform, Use evidence from Figure in your answer. (4) Max 3 without explicit evidence, e.g. heights, rock type etc. from Figure . Cliff overhangs the wave-cut notch The cliffs are 30m high (1) The cliffs are vertical (1) Cliff / wave-cut platform made of chalk (1) Debris / rocks / on the wave-cut platform (1) Cliff is jointed (1) The wave cut platform extends 20m from coast (1). June 2013

(i) Describe the changes in erosion rate along the coastline shown in Figure 1b. Use erosion rate data (cm/year) in your answer. (4)

Mark scheme Reserve only one mark for use of data (rates or erosion). Max 3 without (erosion rate) data. Must mention 3 of the 4 sites for max. Credit for data must be provided in the context of a site or location. Max 2 for just a simple list, without reference to changes along the coast. Rates of erosion have fallen at A, C and D (1).But risen at site B (1) Greater rate of decrease at site C (1)Smallest decrease at site D (1) Use of data – data is cm/yr erosion data(1) Credit change over time (2000, 2011) as well as change by site / location.

January 2013: Describe how building design and planning can reduce the effects of coastal flooding. Use examples in your answer. (4) Max 3 if only description. Planning UK: Before building takes place a full check must be made to ensure that the area is not prone to flooding. Planning permission will not be granted if it is. Bangladesh: The Coastal Embankment project has led to the building of 12 sea-facing flood walls and 500 flood shelters. Building design Bangladesh: All one-storey or two-storey buildings must have an external staircase to the roof. Malibu (California): Houses are built on stilts to protect them from storm tides. Therefore when flooding occurs possessions are not destroyed as the water is able to pass below the home Houses should minimise penetration from wind, rain and storms.

Explain formation of landforms 4 mark question Maximum 2 marks for a simple description. For 3-4 marks relevant explanation, and some indication of change over time. Explain a specific process eg. hydraulic action (often an easy way of achieving explanation on a landform question) and its role in the formation of a landform of erosion. Longshore drift for spits and bars…. When explaining a landform try to follow a logical sequence from start to end.

6 mark questions Use the PEEL technique! Prepare for a question that will ask you to compare hard and soft engineering (advantages/disadvantages) (6)

Using examples, explain how coastal recession affects the human environment (6) Define: Coastal recession refers to the continued action of coastal processes leading to a loss at the coastline. Impacts of coastal recession on human environment: • Increased need for coastal protection to slow the rate of recession • Potential loss of land-use to erosion • Need for evacuation, as the land is imminently likely to damage human infrastructure • Higher insurance claims as a consequence of claims made or damage done • Need to change the land-use of the coast. • Lack of safety along that area of coastline due to potential further losses Credit other sensible suggestions Explain these impacts( see next slide) June 2014

Case study: Happisburg (North Norfolk coast) Village of Happisburg (population= 850) Factors which explain high rates of erosion in this area: Geology: Cliff made of soft rock (clay, gravel and sand deposited by glaciers) Lack of Coastal management ('Do nothing' policy) No sea defences: 1958: use of revetments to reduce coastal erosion. From 1995 no repairing of coastal defenceshigh rates of erosion. Government has refused to protect the village because it is not cost effective: the village is less valuable than the cost of the defences to protect it.

June 2013: Explain how coastal recession affects people and the environment. Use examples in your answer.(6) Effects on people: loss property, loss of life (in some instances, e.g. cliff falls in Dorset), inconvenience, evacuation, loss of income for businesses etc Effects on environment: loss of habitats / land-take, damage / stress to ecosystems, etc Level 3: Explanations of at least two effects of coastal recession linked to both people and the environment. Examples will be well supported by factual information (and/or location). For top of level expect development by either range or depth..

January 2013 : Choose a study of a coastal area January 2013 : Choose a study of a coastal area. Explain how this area is managed. (6) June 2012: Choose a study of a coastal area. Explain how this area is managed. (6) January 2012: Explain how the effects of coastal flooding can be reduced through prediction and prevention. Use examples in your answers. (6) June 2011: Explain how the effects of coastal flooding are reduced, Use examples in your answers. (6) January 2011: Explain the effects of coastal recession on people and the environment. Use examples in your answer. (6) June 2010:Choose an area of coast you have studied. Explain how this area has been managed. (6)

How do ‘they look’?

Landforms

Landforms of erosion

Wave-cut platform

When caves are formed on both sides of a headland, their back join and an arch is formed.

Sandy beach

Durdle Door : a shingle beach separated by the famous “door” Dorset UK

Seaside resorts often build groynes to keep beaches in place and to reduce the effects of longshore drift

Slapton Ley Bar in Devon

Hard engineering

Rip-rap

Recurved sea wall

Groynes

Gabions

Offshore reef

Revetments

Hard engineering not in syllabus: cliff pinning (secure cliff) Sometimes associated with cliff regrading

Soft engineering

Beach replenishment

Cliff regrading