Design Case Studies Designer Date designed Fiat 500 Swiss Army Knife Juicy Saliff Lemon Squeezer Motorola Razr Panton Plastic Chair Bic Ballpoint Pen Dualit Toaster Glass Coca-Cola Bottle Anglepoise Apple Iphone London Underground Map Hill House Chair Original Freeplay Radio Designer Date designed Historical Conext (design Movement?) Key design features Form (analysis) Function (analysis) Materials, Construction, manufacture, finish (as appropriate) Scale of Production Sustainability Design Issues

Fiat 500 Dante Giacosa 1957-1975 and Roberto Giolito 2007-Present Post war demand for CHEAP cars cheap and practical town car Styling was cute but practical Function before form 3,893,294 sold Not many left as they succumb to rust ` Part of a trend for “Retro” designed cars (beetle, mini etc) Small family car Based on the chassis and engines from the (less desirable but more practical) Fiat Panda Form is a focus – customisable options, colour, decals trim etc Over 1m sold

BIC Ball Point Pen Ladislao Biro, Marcel Bich, 1950 Was founded just after world war 2 in the north of Paris, bich developed the design by using Swiss technology to cut metal to 0.01mm making a slim pen nib. Its key features are that it has a fine nib to release just the right amount of ink and the hexagonal design made it easy to fit into people hands. The form of the pen is not so much of a priority as it is a cheap pen that serves a function of putting ink onto paper. Materials are plastic and metal which are mass produced by injection moulding and then machines attach the ball to the nibs and then the nib to the plastic. It can be undone by un screwing the top and the case can be separated from the ink. It is continuously mass produced as it is an item that is needed in great quantities. It is not a very sustainable design as plastic and metal is being used and then the pens are disposed of when they are done with. However they are able to transport a lot of pens at one time which is a sustainable factor. It has no major design issues which is shows as it has not changed design since 1950.

London Underground Map Designed by Harry Beck in 1933, the recognisable Tube Map became a neat diagram of coloured criss-crossing lines rather than the previous map based on the principles of geographic accuracy. Beck was an Underground electrical draughtsman who based his idea on the circuit diagrams he used within his day job. In the beginning Beck’s map was rejected by the publicity department for being too radical however a trial print-run proved it to be popular with tram users therefore it soon became the essential guide to London. Functionally, the map was a ‘simpler’ presentation of the tube lines around London. Being a busy city and unfamiliar to tourists there was a need for the map to be simple, therefore the use of bold colours and station names on any given line gave people, even those who don’t know the city, a means of efficient navigation by condensing the information they need. The map was at first batch produced for the trial run and was then mass produced to accommodate the masses of people travelling through London on a daily basis. Before After

Panton Plastic Chair Designer-Danish designer called Verner Panton Date Designed- 1960’s Historical Context- Space age: The man on the Moon Key design features- Could be easily stacked, simple design, relatively inexpensive, comes in variety of bright and eye catching colours. Form- The form is important in the design of the chair because although it had to look appealing to the user it had to have the ability to be stacked which is one of the main functions the chair had to accomplish. Function- The function of the chair is to be sat on but has to withstand the weight of the user. It also had to be easily stacked and therefore was unlike other chairs at the time, as stacking of plastic chairs only came about in the early 1950’s. Materials, construction, manufacture and finish- The materials that were used is plastic probably acrylic which is injection moulded into the shape. The finish of the product is usually smooth and rounded but some of the chairs can be designed with a matt finish to reduce the risk of scratching the material and making the product not as appealing after use. There is no construction to the product as it is one shape. Scale of Production-The scale of production can be very high probably continuous as in the 1960’s there wasn’t anything like this around although after the mould was made the product could be mass produced due to the simple design. Sustainability-The sustainability of the product is very high as it could be made from recycled plastic if needed but also after use it could be recycled into something else. Though if left by itself it would take hundreds of years to degrade. Design Issues-The design issues are that due to the slippery surface it may be hard to sit down properly and will be cold if not used. The main design flaw is that it may be uncomfortable to sit on for long periods of time.

Juicy Salif lemon juicer Invented by Philippe starck in 1990 which is when it was first produced. It is know to make a mess when squeezing lemons but it is made for the design and not is in the museum of modern art in New York. It costs £43 and there has been 10,000 gold plated versions made.

Swiss Army Knife Karl Elsener – A Swiss cutlery shop owner Designed in 1884 – for the Swiss Army Function was key as he wanted to design a ‘compact and sturdy knife, which offered many functions combined in a signal tool’ It has a simple and compact construction, using sturdy materials They now have a huge range of knives The sustainability isn’t great as the product uses new metals and oils to make the plastic. However they are looking at using recycled metal and recycled wood in a new product.

Dualit Toaster Designer- Max Gort-Barten Date designed- designed and engineered a six-slice toaster with a built-in timer in 1952 Historical context- Designed post war Key design features- One of the key design features was the fact that it would toast six slices and had a built in timer; helped the designer focus on the commercial market (his target market). Form- A Government-sponsored design grant gave Dualit the opportunity to employ a Royal College of Art design graduate. In turn improving the appeal of the product as a more aesthetically pleasing piece of design. With the introduction of colour against metal the design seems more modern and in keeping with lifestyles and fashions. The use of colour means it can be changed making it appeal to a wider customer base, therefore making more sales. Function- With the companies original target market of companies and the commercial market the function of the product is to allowing larger amounts of bread to be toasted easier. The design meets this function with the extra spaces compared to ordinary, allowing for the larger quantities. The timer meaning that in commercial kitchens the toast can be left on the timer and not have to been constantly watched. The removable tray allows for easy cleaning. Materials- stainless steel, allows for hygiene in the kitchen around food, and no rust as the product is being used in a kitchen possibly around water. Thermosetting controls mean that even if the toaster gets hot the controls won’t soften or become malleable, making it safer for the user. Sustainability- tTe stainless steel material is sustainable as it can be recycled, however because of the many different components it may not be as they’d have to be separated, and each one dealt with separately. Making the process time consuming.

Glass Coca-Cola Bottle Bottlers worried that a straight-sided bottle wasn’t distinctive enough and that Coca‑Cola was becoming easily confused with ‘copycat’ brands. Glass manufacturers were approached to come up with a unique bottle design for Coca‑Cola.  Root Glass Company of Terre Haute, Indiana won enthusiastic approval in 1915 and was introduced in 1916. The Contour Bottle design was inspired by the curves and grooves of a cocoa bean. It was designed to be recognisable, even in the dark. 1978 - Coca‑Cola introduced the world to the two litre PET plastic bottle. It became popular for a lot of reasons: it doesn’t break; it’s re-sealable, lightweight and recyclable. 2000 - Coca‑Cola introduced the ultra-glass Contour Bottle designed for improved impact resistance, reduced weight and cost. 2005 – Aluminium bottles. 2009 – 100% recyclable PET bottles. 2013 – personalised bottles. Manufactured by heating glass and the industrial method ‘press and blow’.

Apple IPhone (original)- June 29, 2007- Steve Jobs Steve Jobs, then CEO at Apple Inc., conceived an idea of using a multi-touch touchscreen to interact with a computer in a way in which he could type directly onto the display, essentially removing the physical keyboard and mouse. After a group of engineers had investigated the idea, Jobs decided to integrate this technology into a mobile phone. The key features of the IPhone are it’s extremely accurate and responsive touchscreen, It’s easy to use and intuitive operating system and it’s vast access to hundreds of thousands of applications. The form of the iPhone shows that the simplest objects, can be the most successful. It has a curved ergonomic back to fit perfectly in any users hand. It uses as little buttons as possible to remove any complications. The iPhone has a clear glass screen and a polished steel back.

George Carwardine 1935 Deemed too industrial for domestic use on original design Produced for WWII bombers from 1939-1944 Re-found in a submerged Wellington bomber by a team in search for the loch ness monster In 2005 a giant version was created for the Roald Dahl museum 4 spring design, balanced-arm lamp In 2009 the lamp featured on a stamp for the 75th anniversary of the brand 2014 – collaboration with Paul Smith ‘ideal blackout lamp’ Metal with a painted finish Aluminium arms Weighted base

Original Freeplay Wind Up Radio 1993- Trevor Baylis Social/Moral ISSUES: In 1993, Trevor Baylis watched a program about the spread of AIDS in Africa, which observed that in many regions radio was the only available means of communication, but the need for batteries or electricity made them too expensive or too difficult to access. There was a need for an educational tool that did not rely on electricity.  INNOVATION: By combining a traditional “spring” type wind up mechanism with a small dynamo to generate electricity, he was able to power a small radio. The product was developed into a largely functional and rugged design, intended for durability in rural africa Materials, Manufacture & Finish: Injection moulded ABS with a textured finish ensured: inexpensive mass manufacture, durable materials & scratch resistant syrface Sustainability: The fact that batteries were no longer required is an environmental positive Intellectual Property: Baylis PATENTED his “spring” type wind up design but the company he helped found changed the workings to a battery that is charged by a dynamo. Therefore he had no claim to the patent and was ultimately forced out of the company to no commercial gain.