ORGANIC FUELS HYDROCARBONS CHAPTER 15

The Need for Energy Energy Basics: Ex: Energy can not be created or destroyed. Energy can change from one form to another (Ex: light to heat). Ex: Sun’s energy (heat/light) is converted by grass (photosynthesis) to chemical energy Cows eat the grass and convert grass to chemical (body functions) and mechanical (body movement) energy

Energy Basics Fuel – any substance from which energy can be obtained. Electricity is the only form of energy that is not naturally occurring (lightning is the exception) Energy changing from one form to another is not 100% efficient – some energy is always lost as either heat or light

Organic Fuels Carbon-based (C) Most fuels are Hydrocarbons (composed of Carbon and Hydrogen – CH) Simplest: Methane CH4 Ethane C2 H6 Octane C8H18

Organic Fuels Numbers on gas pumps (87, 90) are based on the energy available in that gasoline formula. Hydrocarbons also contain other compounds (impurities) like sulfur, lead. Fossil-fuels from remains of long-dead organisms include: coal, oil and natural gas

Coal Organic material like prehistoric plants died, were covered with many layers of dirt, compressed into a liquid (oil) and then a solid (coal). Four stages of coal formation: peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite coal.

Peat Brittle, brown, compacted plant material with high water content and low carbon content First stage in coal formation Found close to surface of Earth Burns quickly, gives off lots of smoke

Lignite Soft , brown coal that has 40% carbon content Second stage of coal formation Burns quickly but give off very little smoke Found below the Earth’s surface and must be mined

Bituminous Coal Soft coal located deep within the Earth’s crust. Formed over time from lignite with increased heat and pressure Deep inside the Earth’s crust Most common coal mined in the United States

Anthracite Coal Bituminous coal, subject to increased pressure over time turns into metamorphic rock coal Shiny black color Located deepest in the Earth’s crust Lowest water content – highest carbon Burns hottest and cleanest Hardest to reach Most expensive

AKA crude oil, a fossil fuel Its 2/3 of the world’s energy petroleum AKA crude oil, a fossil fuel Its 2/3 of the world’s energy Supplies are limited Millions of Uses

PETROLEUM COMES FROM THE LATIN, petra = rock and oleum = oil. Three basic forms liquid – crude oil solid – bitumen gas – natural gas Developed by intense heat and pressure of ancient plants and animals Liquid sinks through layers of rock to form under-ground reservoirs of oil

Petroleum History 2000 BC – Chinese refined crude oil for lamps 1859 – Edwin Drake drilled the first US oil well, Titusville, PA 1890’s – Invention of automobile increases demand for gasoline 1960’s – OPEC was formed by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela 1973 – Arab Oil Embargo caused oil crisis in US and Holland 1993 – First time US imports more oil than it produces

TOP-TEN OIL PRODUCERS 10 United Arab Emirates 9 Venezuela 2.8 million barrels per day 9 Venezuela 2.9 million barrels per day 8 Canada 3.1 million barrels per day 7 Norway 3.2 million barrels per day 6 China 3.6 million barrels per day 5 Mexico 3.8 million barrels per day 4 Iran 4 million barrels per day 3 United States 8.7 million barrels per day 2 Russia 9.3 million barrels per day #1 Saudi Arabia 10.4 million barrels per day

TOP-TEN OIL CONSUMERS 10 Mexico + France 9 South Korea 8 Brazil 2 million barrels per day 9 South Korea 2.1 million barrels per day 8 Brazil 2.2 million barrels per day 7 Canada 2.3 million barrels per day 6 India 5 Russia 2.6 million barrels per day 4 Germany 3 Japan 5.4 million barrels per day 2 China 6.5 million barrels per day 1 United States 20.7 million barrels per day

WHAT’S OIL GOT TO DO WITH IT? Uses include: Gasoline (46%) Heating oil (27%) Jet fuel (7%) Blacktop (4%) Kerosene (2% Inks, crayons, bubble gum, detergents, furniture polish, deodorant, medicine, packaging, fertilizers, insecticides, plastics (10%)

OIL SUPPLY More than 5,000 oil/gas drilling companies in the world Major oil fields are on: North America, South America, Europe, Africa and Asia

Major Oil-shale Deposits in the U.S.

Petroleum Trapped by nonporous rock Not a renewable resource Often has natural gas trapped in the same layers as the oil Plants and animal remains in shallow seas from millions of years ago Under intense pressure formed syrupy liquid Liquid seeped through sedimentary rock

Natural Gas Mixture of gases: Methane, ethane, propane, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and helium Forms the same way as oil and is often found in the same area as oil

Other Organic Fuels Two Problems with fossil fuels: 1. Availability: Nonrenewable Easiest to reach already used 2. Pollution: Exploration causes environmental damage, mining accidents Burning fuels causes acid rain, increased CO2 in the atmosphere

Biomass Fuels: WOOD Biomass fuel; formed from living organisms PLUS - Trees are a renewable resource. MINUS – getting wood can damage forests, burning wood releases high amounts of CO2

Biomass Fuels: GARBAGE Garbage made in most homes is mostly organic. The organic parts of household waste can be used as organic fuel. Many towns and cities burn garbage to produce electricity PLUS – readily available supply. MINUS - smell, expensive to build conversion plants, NIMBY