Section 2.3: Carbon-Based Molecules Biochemistry

Wood Shell Butter Snail Quartz CO2 Sand Leaf Water Rock You have heard people use the term “Organic” in every day speech…Which of these would be considered Organic vs Inorganic? Wood Shell Butter Snail Quartz CO2 Sand Leaf Water Rock O2 Pearl NaCl Paper Bird SiO2 Lollipop Cotton Diamond Egg

Organic Compounds Must contain C and H covalently bonded together Usually contain O and sometimes N

What makes Carbon such a special element? It can form 4 covalent bonds Forms chains or rings to other Carbons Can single, double or triple bond Easily covalently bonds with H, O and N

How are biomolecules put together? Smallest unit of a biomolecule is called a Monomer (One unit). Simple Sugars, Amino Acids, Fatty Acids and Nucleotides Glucose Amino Acid Fatty Acid

2. These monomers will bond together to form a Polymer (Many units). (Starch, Proteins, Fats, Nucleic acid) Sucrose Lipid

What types of nutrients are found in your food?

Monomer Polymer MONOSACCHARIDES

Polymers form by a bonding monomers together with each other to form larger molecules (like putting beads onto a necklace).

_____________________ The formula for Glucose is C6H12O6 and Fructose is also C6H12O6, when they are combined together, the new compound, Sucrose (sugar) is C12H22O11. How could that be? C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 _____________________ C12H24O12 - C12H22O11 ______________ H2O

Process of putting the monomers together to form polymers is called Dehydration synthesis (removing water, putting together) For each bond, a water molecule needs to be pulled out to join the 2 monomers together. It is a building up process, going from simple to more complex

Dehydration Synthesis 1 2 3 1 2 3

Hydrolysis (water loosening) is the reverse of Dehydration Synthesis. The food we eat usually are polymers which won’t fit into our cells so they need to be broke down Hydrolysis (water loosening) is the reverse of Dehydration Synthesis. It’s a breakdown process Water molecules are put back in to break the bonds of the polymer to become monomers. Commonly known as Digestion

1 3 2 1 2 3

Hydrolysis

The Big 4 Biomolecule groups Carbohydrates Sugars and starches Lipids Fats, Oils, waxes and sterols Nucleic acids DNA and RNA Proteins Hemoglobin, enzymes, muscles, blood, hormones

Carbohydrates Main source of energy for the body Made up of C, H & O H:O is 2:1 Main source of energy for the body Made up of Monosaccharides (Simple Sugars)

Monosaccharide Simple Sugar C6H12O6 Provide quick energy Galactose Glucose Galactose Fructose Provide quick energy Galactose Glucose

Disaccharide Double Sugar C12H22O11 Provide fast energy Lactose Sucrose Lactose Maltose Provide fast energy Lactose Sucrose

Polysaccharide Many sugar polymer Starch Glycogen Cellulose Animal starch stored in liver Cellulose Main component of plant cell walls. Most abundant biomolecule on earth Provide stored energy (4 - 6 hours)

Cellulose

Glycogen

Carbohydrate lab Each pair should build glucose – Initialed With an adjoining pair, undergo Dehydration Synthesis Get initialed Undergo Hydrolysis – Get initialed Break apart model kits and put back in bag and on front lab table. Complete ALL questions in the lab

First make a Glucose molecule 6 5 4 1 3 2

-Next, line up the two Glucose molecules side by side -Next, line up the two Glucose molecules side by side. -To the left Glucose molecule, remove an –OH from the 1st Carbon . -The Glucose on the right will remove a H from the 4th Carbon -Take the –OH and the – to make a water molecule -Join the Oxygen from the Glucose on the right to the Carbon of the Glucose on the left

Lipids Glycerol Fatty acids Not soluble in water Contain C, H, and O where the H:O ratio is >2:1 Fats, oils and waxes Used for stored energy, insulation and waterproofing Made up of Glycerol and Fatty acids Produced by Dehydration synthesis Glycerol Fatty acids

3 water molecules were removed Fatty Acid Glycerol 3 water molecules were removed

Triglyceride (a fat)

Saturated vs Unsaturated fat controversy The more H’s in the Hydrocarbon chain, the more energy the fatty acid provides The more H’s, the more solid it will be. Problem with clogging and narrowing of arteries and > blood pressure Angioplasty

butter, lard, animal fat, cholesterol, coconut and palm oil Saturated fats: butter, lard, animal fat, cholesterol, coconut and palm oil are solid at room temp. have no double bonds so there is a maximum of H’s present

Unsaturated fats Olive oil, canola oil, margarine Liquid at room temp Have at least 1 double bond in the H – C chain

Polyunsaturated fats Soybean oil, safflower oil, peanut oil, corn oil Clear, thin liquids at room temp Contain many double bonds in H-C chain

Each pair should make a Glycerol model Three Hydroxyl groups with H’s & C’s Hydroxyl groups This is where dehydration synthesis will occur

Now make each of the following Fatty Acids Now make each of the following Fatty Acids. You will need to break some apart to make more. Butryic acid Caproic acid

Caproic acid H H H H H O H C C C C C C O H H H H Now make a double bond in between the two middle Carbons. You will need to take off two hydrogen atoms to do this. Caproic acid H H H H H O H C C C C C C O H H H H

Proteins For Building material and Regulation: Large molecules Hemoglobin, enzymes, muscles, blood, hormones, cell membrane Large molecules Contain C, H, O, & N (sometimes also S) Found in meats, eggs, dairy & Legumes (beans, peas and peanuts) Made up of Amino acids

Polymers of Amino Acids Made up of: an Amino group (-NH2), a Carboxyl group (COOH) a radical (R) or variable group

Amino Acids 20 different AA (8 are essential) Most end in “ine” Since there are 20 different AA, the possible number of proteins formed are limitless (How many words can you make with 26 letters?)

When 2 amino acids bond, a Dipeptide is formed by Dehydration Synthesis The C-N bond formed is called a Peptide bond When 3 or more AA bonds, it’s a Polypeptide

Glycine Alanine Water Dipeptide

CH3 CH3 CH3

Nucleic acids DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic acid) Contain C, H, O, N and P Polymers of Nucleotides A 5 carbon sugar A nitrogen base A phosphate group P S N Base

Store and transmit genetic information They work together to make proteins.

Biomolecule Group Monomer Polymer Example Function Lipids Proteins Carbohydrates   Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

A B C D F G E H I Glucose Fructose Disaccharide Nucleotide Dipeptide Polysaccharide F G Nucleotide E Fatty Acid Dipeptide H I

Monosaccharides, Glucose, Fructose, Galactose Glycerol & Fatty Acids   Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Elements C and H2O C, H, O >2:1 C, H, O, N (S) C, H, O, N, P  Monomers Monosaccharides, Glucose, Fructose, Galactose Glycerol & Fatty Acids Amino Acids Nucleotides Polymers Di (Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose)and Polysaccharides (Cellulose, Amylose, Glycogen) Di and Polypeptides DNA and RNA Chemical Formula C6H12O6, & C12H22O11  NA Amine, Carboxyl groups & Radical Function Quicker energy Stored energy Building & Regulatory Functions Controls activity of cell & Protein Synthesis Where found Sugars, Starches Fats, Oils, Waxes and Sterols Muscles, Hormones, Enzymes Nucleus of cell Examples Fruit sugar, Milk sugar, Starches, Glycogen Meat, Dairy, eggs RNA & DNA  Ending "ose" "ol" or "ide" "ine" "nucleic acid"

Di and Polysaccharides Di and Polypeptides DNA and RNA   Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Structure Elements C and H2O C, H, O >2:1 C, H, O, N (S) C, H, O, N and P Glucose Monomers Monosaccharides Glycerol & Fatty Acids Amino Acids Nucleotides Fructose Polymers Di and Polysaccharides Di and Polypeptides DNA and RNA Amino acid Chemical Formula C6H12O6, C12H22O11 No set formula Amine, Carboxyl groups & Radical Fatty Acid Function Quicker energy Stored energy Building & Regulatory Functions Controls activity of cell & Protein Synthesis Disaccharide Where found Sugars, Fats, Oils, Waxes and Sterols Muscles, Hormones, Enzymes Nucleus of cell Nucleotide Examples Fruit sugar, Milk sugar, Starches, Glycogen Meat, Dairy, eggs RNA & DNA only Polysaccharide Ending "ose" "ol" or "ide" "ine" "nucleic acid" Dipeptide

Endings & Can you read the labels But why Carbon? Funtions and Organics Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids Enzymes Endings & Can you read the labels 4 Long term energy storage, insulation and cell membrane Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen C, H, O, N and P Carbohydrate Building material, cell membrane, hormones, enzymes, hemoglobin 1:02:01 Amino Acids Fats, Oil, Waxes and Sterols DNA and RNA Organic catalysts Protein or Amino Acid covalent Carbon and Hydrogen Monosaccharides Carboxyl (-COOH) and Amine (-NH2) >2:1 DNA - Nucleus RNA - Nucleus or cytoplasm Regulate the rate of a reaction Lipid or Alcohol double bond Covalent Glucose, Galactose, Fructose 20 Fatty Acids and Glycerol Nucleotides Catalase Enzyme Monomers Hydrolysis Energy Peptide bond (C-N) 3 DNA - Deoxyribose, RNA - Ribose Substrate at the active site Meat, eggs, diary and legumes Polymers Living organisms Lactose, Maltose, Sucrose Polypeptide Saturated fat On the N-bases of the nucleotides Enzymes specificity Oils, fats and waxes (yummy) Polymerization Sugars and starches Polysaccharides (starches, glycogen and cellulose) Polymerization/ Dehydration synthesis Double bonds (2 or more) DNA is double stranded Reversible and reusable Glycogen, Cellulose