AIM: How are Organic and Inorganic Compounds Classified? Topic: BIOCHEMISTRY AIM: How are Organic and Inorganic Compounds Classified? Do Now: C12H22O11 Element or Compound? If compound how many elements and how many atoms of each element are there? What type of formula is this? HW: Please Print out Review sheet for Quarterly and make sure to study all info – Bring this sheet to class tomorrow.

ALL LIVING THINGS CONTAIN BOTH ORGANIC AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS!

Compound that contains BOTH Carbon AND Hydrogen What is an organic compound? Compound that contains BOTH Carbon AND Hydrogen Makes up living things CH4 - Organic C6H12O6 - Organic CO2 – Not Organic – Does not contain H

Compound that DOES NOT contain both Carbon and Hydrogen together What is an inorganic compound? Compound that DOES NOT contain both Carbon and Hydrogen together H2O H2SO4 CO2 NaCl These are all INORGANIC

WATER:

SUGAR:

4 Organic Cmpd Groups CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 4 Organic Cmpd Groups CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS

MONOSACCHARIDE: GLUCOSE

MONOSACCHARIDE: GALACTOSE

MONOSACCHARIDE: FRUCTOSE

MALTOSE DISACCHARIDE:

3. POLYSACCHARIDE Poly = many sugars = Starch Many rings joined together

Dehydration Synthesis The process: “Putting molecules together and Releasing water” Water is a product (right side of the arrow) Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide  Disaccharide + Water

For carbohydrates: mono + mono  disaccharide + water + H2O + mono + mono  disaccharide + water glucose + glucose  maltose + water

WATER

+

Hydrolysis The process of “Splitting molecules with the Addition of water” Breaking things down: ex. Digestion Water is a reactant (left side of the arrow) Disaccharide + Water = Mono + Mono

For carbohydrates: Disaccharide + water  mono + mono + H2O + Disaccharide + water  mono + mono maltose + water  glucose + glucose

FUNCTIONS 1. energy storage (secondary source of energy) 2. protects organs in the body 3. insulates the body 4. makes up cell membranes

Dehydration synthesis of lipids 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids lipid + water

1 molecule of fat

Hydrolysis of lipids Lipid + water  1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

LIPIDS THAT ARE SOLID AT ROOM TEMP  CALLED FAT LIPIDS THAT ARE LIQUID AT ROOM TEMP  CALLED OIL

SATURATED VS. UNSATURATED IF FAT CONTAINS SINGLE BONDS THROUGHOUT STRUCTURE, IT IS SATURATED

SATURATED VS. UNSATURATED IF FAT CONTAINS DOUBLE BONDS THROUGHOUT STRUCTURE, IT IS UNSATURATED

UNSATURATED FATS ALLOWS THE BODY TO DIGEST THE FAT EASIER UNSATURATED FATS ALLOWS THE BODY TO DIGEST THE FAT EASIER. THE DOUBLE BOND IS EASIER TO BE BROKEN DOWN & DIGESTED DOUBLE BOND HEALTHIER TO EAT

3. Proteins Elements: C-H-O-N Building Blocks: Amino Acids (aa) There are 20 different kinds of aa’s The order of the aa’s determines the shape of the protein and the shape determines the function of the protein. Examples: All enzymes & hormones & antibodies are PROTEINS therefore made of aa’s

Ex. Hemoglobin is a Protein

Ex. Antibodies (immune system)

AMINO ACIDS

Amino acids Building Blocks Variable group Carboxyl group Amino group

Serine Cysteine Leucine

Dehydration Synthesis of Proteins Amino acid + amino acid Dipeptide + water PEPTIDE BOND Dipeptide Amino acid Amino acid

2 amino acids joined together Dipeptide 2 amino acids joined together Peptide bond

Hydrolysis of Proteins Dipeptide + water amino acid + amino acid PEPTIDE BOND + Dipeptide Amino acid Amino acid

AMINO ACIDS NEW BOND DEHYDRATION

2 AMINO ACIDS FORM A DIPEPTIDE

***Blueprints of Life*** 4. Nucleic Acids Elements: C-H-O-N-P Building Blocks: Nucleotides Function: Hereditary Material Ex. DNA & RNA ***Blueprints of Life***

COMPOSED OF THREE PARTS: -SUGARS -PHOSPHATE GROUPS -NITROGENOUS GROUPS

Building blocks = NUCLEOTIDE phosphate Nitrogen base sugar

NITROGENOUS BASES 5 Bases DNA: A-T & G-C RNA: A-U & G-C

NITROGENOUS BASE BOND RIBOSE PHOSPHATE

IN A DNA STRAND, THE BASES PAIR UP AS FOLLOWS: C - G A - T IN A RNA STRAND: A - U

FINALLY THE ALPHA HELIX

ALL ENZYMES Are PROTEINS Are Made of AA’s Are Polypeptides Are Made in the Ribosomes Have a specific shape Are specific Work on specific substrates Names end in ASE Are organic catalysts

Enzyme = Organic Catalyst What is a Catalyst? Enzymes Enzyme = Organic Catalyst What is a Catalyst?

Speed up the rate of a reaction but they themselves do not change. Catalysts

Names end in –ase Examples: Lipid – Lipase Protein – Protease Maltose – Maltase Lactose – Lactase

Binds with an enzyme in order for the reaction to occur What is being broken down or put together What is a substrate?

What is an active site? Where the enzyme and substrate touch – where the actual chemical reaction occurs.

Enzyme-substrate complex Active Site Enzyme Substrate Enzyme-substrate complex

What Factors Affect Enzyme Activity? Temperature pH Amount of Substrate & Enzyme

Optimal Temp 98.6 F = 37 C Best Temp. for enzymes to work

37°C

If temp rises above this  DENATURATION occurs Denaturation = enzyme changes shape  substrate cannot fit with active site  REACTION DOES NOT HAPPEN

2. pH & Enzyme activity pH = how basic or acidic a liquid is. A pH of 1-6 is acidic, 7 is neutral and 8-14 is basic. Most places in the body are neutral so most Enzymes work best at a pH of 7.

Optimum pH = 7 1 14 7 pH

HOWEVER: Some enzymes work best in other pH’s. or basic conditions

(All the gas pumps are full and cars have to wait to get gas now) Increasing substrate amount will increase reaction rate until all enzymes are occupied- then reaction is at maximum rate. (All the gas pumps are full and cars have to wait to get gas now) 3. Substrate concentration

THE END Increasing substrate increases the enzymes reaction rate Max Rate THE END

NITROGENOUS BASES DIVIDED INTO TWO CATEGORIES: PYRIMIDINES PURINES &

TWO TYPES WHICH EXIST IN DNA & RNA PURINES TWO TYPES WHICH EXIST IN DNA & RNA ADENINE (A) AND GUANINE (G)

PYRIMIDINES THERE ARE 3 TYPES CYTOSINE (C)  IN DNA & RNA THYMINE (T)  ONLY IN DNA URACIL (U)  ONLY IN RNA

SHAPE OF DNA IN 1953, WATSON AND CRICK DEDUCED THE SHAPE OF THE DNA AS AN ALPHA HELIX OR A SPIRAL STAIRCASE

LADDER HAS A SUGAR & PHOSPHATE BACKBONE: OUTSIDE SHAPE OF DNA LADDER HAS A SUGAR & PHOSPHATE BACKBONE: OUTSIDE THE NITROGENOUS BASES:IN THE MIDDLE & ARE HELD TOGETHER BY WEAK HYDROGEN BONDS

ATOMS: Compromise the element. Contain protons, neutrons and electrons DEFINITIONS: ATOMS: Compromise the element. Contain protons, neutrons and electrons

ELEMENTS: A substance that can not be broken down DEFINITIONS: ELEMENTS: A substance that can not be broken down

COMPOUND: Two or more elements combined chemically DEFINITIONS: COMPOUND: Two or more elements combined chemically

DEFINITIONS: BONDING: the formation of compounds resulting from a chemical bond. Two types of bonds covalent (sharing electrons) and ionic (transfer of electrons)

ATOMS CONTAIN PROTONS, ELECTRONS AND NEURTONS

CAN BE TRANSFERRED (ionic) OR SHARED (covalent) DURING A BOND ELECTRONS ELECTRONS CAN BE TRANSFERRED (ionic) OR SHARED (covalent) DURING A BOND

SATURATED FATS ARE CONVERTED INTO CHOLESTEROL 2 TYPES OF CHOLESTEROLS: HDL’s: GOOD TYPE OF CHOLESTEROL LDL’s: DANGEROUS TYPE OF CHOLESTEROL ANIMAL PRODUCTS: MILK & MEATS ARE HIGH IN SATURATED FATS FISH, VEGETABLES AND MARGARINE: HIGH IN UNSATURATED FATS

BOND BETWEEN 2 AMINO ACIDS IS THROUGH A PEPTIDE BOND BETWEEN THE CARBON AND NITROGEN

1. OCCUR BETWEEN CARBON OF ONE AMINO ACID AND NITROGEN OF AN ANOTHER PEPTIDE BONDS: 1. OCCUR BETWEEN CARBON OF ONE AMINO ACID AND NITROGEN OF AN ANOTHER 2. LEAD TO DIPEPTIDES AND POLYPEPTIDES 3. OCCUR DUE TO DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

Peptide Bond C N O H

DNA & RNA LACK OF OXYGEN