Patterns of Chemical Reactions and Biochemistry © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 : Pages 37-42 Patterns of Chemical Reactions and Biochemistry

3 Types of Chemical Reactions © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Types of Chemical Reactions Synthesis: something is built Requires energy; smaller to bigger Ex.: protein synthesis; monosaccharides to polysaccharides Decomposition: something is broken down Energy is released; bigger to smaller Ex.: polysaccharide to monosaccharide; Exchange: rearrangement of molecules

Figure 2.10a Patterns of chemical reactions. (a) Synthesis reactions Smaller particles are bonded together to form larger, more complex molecules. Example Amino acids are joined together to form a protein molecule. Amino acid molecules Protein molecule

Figure 2.10b Patterns of chemical reactions. (b) Decomposition reactions Bonds are broken in larger molecules, resulting in smaller, less complex molecules. Example Glycogen is broken down to release glucose units. Glycogen Glucose molecules

Figure 2.10c Patterns of chemical reactions. (c) Exchange reactions Bonds are both made and broken. Example ATP transfers its terminal phosphate group to glucose to form glucose- phosphate. P P P Glucose Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) P P P Glucose- phosphate Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Patterns of Chemical Reactions © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Patterns of Chemical Reactions Many physiological chemical reactions are reversible Four main factors influence rate of rx: Temperature Concentration Particle size Presence of catalyst/enzyme

Biochemistry: Essentials for Life © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Biochemistry: Essentials for Life Inorganic compounds: (Lack carbon) small, simple molecules Include water, salts, and some acids and bases Organic compounds (MACROmolecules) Contain carbon Include: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Water and Chemical reactions © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Water and Chemical reactions Water Most abundant inorganic compound in the body It cushions- protects brain, developing fetus… important reactant in some chemical reactions: hydrolysis reactions dehydration synthesis

Hydrolysis Reaction: reactions that require water (b) Hydrolysis Monomers are released by the addition of a water molecule, adding OH to one monomer and H to the other. H2O Monomer 1 Monomer 2 Monomers linked by covalent bond water is ADDED to the reaction so molecular bonds can be broken

Dehydration Synthesis: reactions that remove water Figure 2.13a Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis of biological molecules. Dehydration Synthesis: reactions that remove water (a) Dehydration synthesis Monomers are joined by removal of OH from one monomer and removal of H from the other at the site of bond formation. H2O Monomer 1 Monomer 2 Monomers linked by covalent bond smaller molecules are joined to form larger molecules through the removal of water molecules

Important Inorganic Compounds © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Important Inorganic Compounds Salts Easily dissociate (break apart) into ions in the presence of water Vital to many body functions Examples include Chlorides, Phosphates, Fluorides, Sulphates, Carbonates of Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Ammonium, Calcium Used in nerve impulse, bones, teeth, muscle contraction, pH balance

Acids, Bases, and buffers © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Acids, Bases, and buffers Acids (pH less than 7) Bases (pH greater than 7) Buffers—chemicals that can regulate pH change Our bodies contain natural buffers that keep pH constant to maintain homeostasis The kidneys and lungs regulate pH through filtration/excretion and respiration (respectively)