Organic molecules

More than 2 million known Synthesized by ___ ______-based Carbon Carbon provides a molecular skeleton Outer ______ holds 4 electrons Forms covalent bonds in 4 directions Organic molecules

HYDROCARBON CHAINS Many carbons bonded in a line with ______ bonded along the sides Vary in length Organic molecules > hydrocarbon chains

Can be branched Can occur as rings Organic molecules > hydrocarbon chains

Can contain double covalent bonds 2 atoms share 2 pairs of _________ Typical symbol: = a fatty acid Cause “kinks” along hydrocarbons Organic molecules > hydrocarbon chains

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Clusters of atoms attached to hydrocarbon chains Give specific ‘behavioral’ ________ to hydrocarbon The most ‘reactive’ parts of hydrocarbons Impart polarity if group has electromagnetic charge Organic molecules > functional groups

ORGANIC POLYMERS Assembled from small, similar, _________ units All organic polymers from <50 kinds of monomers Examples of polymers: DNA is built from only __ different nucleotides Proteins are built from <__ kinds of amino acids Variation in sequence of monomers results in different polymers E.g.; genetic nucleotides: ATCG vs. TAGC Organic molecules > ploymers

Polymers are assembled by DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS 2 molecules joined by extracting a _____ molecule H+ and OH- join to make a free water molecule Bonding sites of monomers unite Organic molecules > ploymers

HYDROLYSIS Opposite of dehydration Breaks polymers apart by adding water e.g., occurs during digestion of foods Organic molecules > ploymers

ORGANIC MACRO-MOLECULES 4 kinds: 1) Carbohydrates 2) Lipids 3) Proteins 4) Nucleic acids (future lecture) Organic molecules > macromolecules

MONOMER = ____________________ Carbohydrates MONOMER = ____________________ “Simple” sugars: glucose, fructose, galactose Important FUELS for cellular work Cells break down sugars, harvest energy Called carbohydrates, but are monomers Organic molecules > macromolecules > carbohydrates

Simplest carbohydrate polymers: DISACCHARIDES MALTOSE: GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE = Grain sugar (e.g., for beer) SUCROSE: GLUCOSE + ________ = Sugarcane and sugar beet sugar Organic molecules > macromolecules > carbohydrates

Up to 1000 linked monosaccharides 1) STARCH POLYSACCHARIDES Up to 1000 linked monosaccharides 1) STARCH Energy storage among _______ Concentrated in tubers and seeds Digested for energy & molecular building blocks 2) GLYCOGEN Concentrated in liver and muscle _______ Storage in muscles allows for quick access Organic molecules > macromolecules > carbohydrates

3) Cellulose Plant fibers, wood Bond angles result in straight fibers (Starch and Glycogen are ______) Organic molecules > macromolecules > carbohydrates

Lipids Non-polar 1) Phospholipids 2) Steroids Do not dissolve in water E.g., oil and vinegar (water) 1) Phospholipids Make up cell membranes (more later) 2) Steroids Occur as _____, many functions E.g., certain _________ Organic molecules > macromolecules > lipids

3) Waxes 4) Fats = Triglycerides Repel water from plant ________ ______ storage in plants and animals Organic molecules > macromolecules > lipids

The form of fats (triglycerides): 1 glycerol plus 3 fatty acids Fatty acid = hydrocarbon with carboxyl functional group Organic molecules > macromolecules > lipids

Saturated fats (from ______ sources) Maximum number of hydrogens attached Firm at room temperature E.g., butter, lard Known to raise low density cholesterols in blood Can causes atherosclerosis Unsaturated fats (from _____ sources) Some double bonds (hydrogens missing) Liquid at room temperature E.g., vegetable oils Hydrogenated, or _____ fats Hydrogens addedd artificially E.g., hard margarine, shortening Also raise LD cholesterol Organic molecules > macromolecules > lipids

Proteins Monomer = _________ Polymer = Polypeptide Some examples: Structural proteins: in hair, skin, nails Contractile proteins: in muscle Defense proteins: _________ in blood Signal proteins: certain __________ Catalysts: enzymes in body fluids Organic molecules > macromolecules > proteins

The form of proteins Long chains Folded into unique shapes Outside shape gives unique function Overheating unravels folds Changes shape & stops function “Denatures” protein E.g., fried egg-white proteins Organic molecules > macromolecules > proteins

The hierarchical structure of proteins Primary Structure: sequence of _________ in polypeptide Secondary Structure: coiling and folding of polypeptide, held by _______ bonds Tertiary Structure: blob of coiled _________ Quaternary Structure: conglomeration of polypeptide units Organic molecules > macromolecules > proteins