Macromolecule.

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Presentation transcript:

Macromolecule

contain carbon; examples include lipids, proteins, and carbs Organic Compounds contain carbon; examples include lipids, proteins, and carbs (carbohydrates) . NCHOPS

Functional groups amino (NH2), carbonyl (RCOR), carboxyl (COOH) hydroxyl (OH), phosphate (P04) sulfhydryl (SH)

Used for protection, energy, signaling, protection, contain C6H12O1 Fats Used for protection, energy, signaling, protection, contain C6H12O1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids.

Saturated Fat animals and some plants have it; solidifies" at room temperature. No double bonds

Unsaturated fat: plants have it; liquefies at room temperature. Contains double bonds along carbon chain.

Steroids: lipids whose structures resemble chicken-wire fence; include cholesterol and sex hormones.

Phospholipids: glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group; make up membrane bilayers of cells; have hydrophobic interiors and hydrophilic exteriors.

Carbohydrates: used by cells for energy and structure; monosaccharides (glucose), disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose), storage polysaccharides (starch [plants], glycogen [animals]), structural polysaccharides (chitin [fungi], cellulose [arthropods]).

Proteins: made with the help of ribosomes out of a sequence amino acids; serve many functions (e.g., transport, enzymes, cell signals, receptor molecules, structural components, and channels).

Enzymes: catalytic proteins that react in an induced-fit fashion with substrates to speed up the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy; (lock and key) affected by changes in pH, temperature, and substrate and enzyme concentrations.

Competitive inhibition: inhibitor resembles substrate and binds to active

Noncompetitive inhibition: inhibitor binds elsewhere on enzyme; alters active site so that substrate cannot bind.

pH: logarithmic scale <7 acidic, 7 neutral, >7 basic (alkaline); pH 4 is 10 times more acidic than pH 5. Base = concentration of OH- ions Acid= concentration of H+

Reaction types: Hydrolysis reaction: breaks down compounds by adding water. -cut with water Dehydration synthesis reaction: two components brought together, producing H20. Endergonic reaction: reaction that requires input of energy. (enter) Exergonic reaction: reaction that gives off energy. (exit)