Jung’s Analytical Approach NeoFreudian Approach Jung’s Analytical Approach ICSP254 Theories of Personality

Jung’s Analytical Psychology Disagreements with Freud: Over role of sexuality, libido as more generalized psychic energy Forces that influence personality, not just the past The unconscious, greater emphasis than Freud

The Differences from Freud Role of Sexuality Minimized important of sex in his personality theory Redefine Libido as general life energy psychic energy which he now calls psyche is Jung’s term for personality, through which one is perceiving, thinking, feeling, and wishing

3 Basic Principles Principle of Opposites Existence of opposites in the universe (hot/cold, birth/death) In psyche, every wish or feeling has its opposite. The greater the conflict between polarities, the greater the energy produced

3 Basic Principles Principle of Equivalence Conservation of energy Energy expended in bringing about some condition is not lost but rather shifted to another part of personality Ex. You lose interest in a person, the psychic energy that was invested in that area is shifted to a new one. Note that the shifted energy will be equal (same level of desirable, compelling, or fascinating) Energy is continually redistributed within the personality

3 Basic Principles Principle of Entropy Tendency toward balance or equilibrium in the personality Ex. If two hot and cold glass touched, the heat will redistributed until both are equally in temperature

Systems of Personality Ego Collective Unconscious Personal Unconscious Ego Conscious aspect of personality Part of psyche concerned with perceiving, thinking, feeling, and remembering Selective – only a portion of stimuli registered into the conscious Attitudes – extravert or introvert

Systems of Personality Ego Collective Unconscious Personal Unconscious Personal Unconscious Reservoir of material that was once conscious but has been forgotten or suppressed Two-way traffic between ego and personal unconscious Ex. Our attention can wander readily from class to a memory of something from last week

Systems of Personality Ego Collective Unconscious Personal Unconscious Collective Unconscious deepest and least accessible level of psyche, containing accumulation of inherited experiences of human and pre-human species This collective unconscious is passed on to new generations Indirect inheritance: We inherit “potential” fear of snakes not direct fear. Our experience will determine whether we develop fear or not

Archetypes Archetypes – images of universal experience contained in the collective unconscious, manifested by recurring themes or patterns These recurring patterns become imprinted in our psyche and are expressed in our dreams and fantasies Example of archetypes are the mother, child, God, death, power, and wise old man. Major archetypes include the persona, the anima and animus, the shadow, and the self.

Major Archetypes Persona Anima Animus Shadow Mask, a public face that one present to others Necessary as we’re forced to play many roles Inflation of persona – ego become persona rather than true self deception Persona Humans are bisexual Anima (feminine aspect of male psyche) Animus (masculine of female psyche) Helps us understand the opposite sex. Both sides must be developed otherwise lead to one-sidedness of the personality Anima Animus Basic, primitive animal instincts but also source of vitality, creativity, and emotion Behaviors that society considered evil and immoral reside in the shadow Total suppression = dull and lifeless psyche. Shadow lie dormant but in crisis or ego weakness, person may become dominated by unconscious (shadow) Shadow

Major Archetypes Represents unity, integration, and harmony of the total personality Cannot emerge until other systems of psyche developed, occur around middle age Full realization of self lies in the future. The self serves as a motivating force, pulling us from ahead rather than pushing us from behind (as our past experiences do) Self

Development of the Personality Determined by what we hope to be (future) as well as what we have been (past) We develop and grow, regardless of age

Childhood to Young Adulthood Ego develop in early childhood, in primitive way Child’s personality at this age merely reflection of personalities of parents Ego begin to form when the child is able to say “I” Puberty is “psychic birth” – marked by difficulties and need to adapt. Childhood fantasies end and confronted with reality. Primary attitude is extraversion – focus on external world and achievement (school, job)

Middle Age Major personality changes occur between age 35 and 40 Middle age as time of personal crisis. Inevitable and universal. Patients reported feeling empty. Life had lost its meaning. Typical 40 year old is established in career, marriage, and community. Why, when success has been achieved, that so many are feeling despair and worthlessness?

Middle Age (2) Before 40 – preparatory activities of the external world. Now that they have everything – there’s nowhere for the energy. Second half of life must be devoted to inner world. Shift from extraversion to introversion. Interests shifted from physical materials to spiritual, philosophical, and intuitive Individuation – process of actualizing the self, integrating unconscious with the conscious to attain a new level of positive psychological health

Questions about Human Nature Past Present Nurture Determinism Nature Free Will Past or Present? Both past and present Free Will or Determinism? Free will and spontaneity (from shadow) Nature or Nurture? Drive toward individuation is innate (nature) but can be helped with experience (nurture)

Questions about Human Nature Uniqueness Universality Pessimism Growth Optimism Equilibrium Unique or Universal? Unique only first half of life. Universal progress toward individuation in middle age Equilibrium or Growth? Grow and develop throughout all ages Optimism or Pessimism? Positive image of personality and human nature

Assessment in Jung’s Theory Word Association Test Symptom Analysis Dream Analysis

Word Association Test Measure time it took to respond and physical reactions to determine emotions

Symptom & Dream Analysis Symptom analysis – focus on symptoms reported by patients and try to interpret patient’s free association to those symptoms Dream analysis – interpretation of dream to uncover unconscious conflicts Dreams are the path that we can see the unconscious Look at recurring themes, issues, and problems as communicated by the subconscious

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) An assessment test created based on Jung’s psychological types A self-report inventory that is very popular today Of all corporations in the Fortune 100, 89 companies use MBTI for hiring and promotion decision

Jung’s Personality Type According to Jung’s theory of psychological types, people can be characterized by Their preference of general attitude: Extraverted (E) or Introverted (I) Their preference of functions of perception: Sensing (S) or Intuition (N) Their preference of functions of judging: Thinking (T) or Feeling (F) These area of preferences are dichotomies with one function (of each) dominant.

Extraversion vs Introversion Extraverted (E) – attitude of the psyche characterized by an orientation toward the external world and other people Open, sociable, socially assertive, oriented toward others and external world Introverted (I) – attitude of the psyche characterized by an orientation toward one’s own thoughts and feelings Withdrawn, shy, focus on self-thoughts-feelings Capacity for BOTH, but you have to determine which one is dominant

Sensing vs. Intuition Sensing (S) – produce experience through the senses the way a photograph copies an object Intuition (I) – does not arise from external stimulus Question: If you sit in a dark room and feel a presence of someone else in the room (even though you cannot see), you are using ________ (sensing/intuition)?

Thinking vs. Feeling The way we organize, categorize, and making evaluations about our experiences Thinking (T) – conscious judgment of whether an experience is true or false Feeling (F) – dislike, pleasantness or unpleasantness, stimulated or dull

The 16 personality types