Diesel Retrofit Technology Options Frequently, presenters must deliver material of a technical nature to an audience unfamiliar with the topic or vocabulary. The material may be complex or heavy with detail. To present technical material effectively, use the following guidelines from Dale Carnegie Training®.   Consider the amount of time available and prepare to organize your material. Narrow your topic. Divide your presentation into clear segments. Follow a logical progression. Maintain your focus throughout. Close the presentation with a summary, repetition of the key steps, or a logical conclusion. Keep your audience in mind at all times. For example, be sure data is clear and information is relevant. Keep the level of detail and vocabulary appropriate for the audience. Use visuals to support key points or steps. Keep alert to the needs of your listeners, and you will have a more receptive audience. October 18, 2006

Diesel Exhaust Complex mixture of gases and fine particles Gaseous fraction---nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor & air pollutants, such as: carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, volatile organics, alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and aldehydes Ultrafine particles (PM) with chemicals adsorbed

Primary Pollutants Emitted from Diesel Engines : Particulate Matter (PM) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Ozone Precursors Hydrocarbons (HC) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) 41 chemicals that are classified as “hazardous air pollutants” under The Clean Air Act

Health Effects Health studies show that exposure to diesel exhaust primarily affects the respiratory system and worsens asthma, allergies, bronchitis, and lung function. There is some evidence that diesel exhaust exposure can increase the risk of heart problems, premature death, and lung cancer.

Populations at Highest Risk Children: More susceptible to air pollution because their respiratory systems are still developing and they breath at a faster rate. Elderly Those with pre-existing conditions such as: asthma, chronic bronchitis, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and lung cancer. Those living in Ozone & PM non-attainment areas.

Emission Reduction Strategies Emission Standards Fuel Standards Idle Reduction Retrofit Technology Random and Periodic Emission Testing

Federal Regulations 2006 Rule Fuel Diesel sulfur levels reduced from 500 ppm to 15ppm (97% reduction) Beginning mid 2006; Full implementation 2007 Technology Enabler 2007 HDDE Rule 90%+ emission reductions Begins with Engine model year 2007

HD Diesel Emission Standards (g/bhp-hr) Current Emission Standards Model Year 2007 Standards Percent Reduction PM 0.07 0.01 86% NOx 4.0 0.2 95% HC 1.3 n/a CO 15.5 0% NMHC 0.14

Maryland Regulations Idling Unattended Motor Vehicle Diesel Vehicle Emission Control Program (Roadside Smoke Opacity Testing)

Maryland’s Idling Regulations Engines may not be allowed to idle more than 5 consecutive minutes, except as follows: Stopped due to traffic conditions or mechanical difficulties Operate heating and cooling or auxiliary equipment Bring engine to manufacturer’s recommended operating temperature Accomplish the intended use of the vehicle

Unattended Motor Vehicle Duty of driver upon leaving unattended vehicle.- Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section, a person driving or otherwise in charge of a motor vehicle may not leave it unattended until the engine is stopped, the ignition locked, the key removed, and the brake effectively set. Animals left in vehicles.- When a cat or dog is left in the unattended vehicle of an on-duty law enforcement officer or an animal control officer, the provisions of subsection (a) of this section do not apply to the law enforcement officer or the animal control officer.

Random Roadside Smoke Opacity Testing Vehicles must meet smoke opacity standards according to the engine model year. The smoke standards are a maximum smoke opacity of: 40% for model years 1991 and newer. 55% for model years 1974 - 1990. 70% for model years 1973 and older. If a vehicle is found to have exceeded the applicable standards, a Safety Equipment Repair Order (SERO) is issued to the driver. The owner must have the vehicle brought into compliance within 30 days. Failure to do so can result in the suspension of vehicle’s registration.

Examples of what to look for: Relative Smoke Opacity 25% 100% 40% 50% 80% Relative Smoke Opacity

DVECP Statistics Number of Valid Initial Tests = 5,321 Overall Fail Rate = 15.3% 79.9% Average Initial Failing Opacity 25.0% Average Retest Opacity 67.7% Improvement upon Retest To report smoking vehicles call: 1-866-677-2833 (MSP) or 410-537-3270 (MDE)

Why Retrofit? Approximately 11 million pre 2007 HDDVs on the road These vehicles can stay in-use for over 20 years

Idle Reduction Technology Options Electronic Idle Limiters Idle Shutdown System Automatic Stop-Start System Auxiliary Devices Fuel-Fired Heaters Auxiliary Power Units (APU) Truck Stop Electrification Advanced TSE Shore Power

Common Retrofit Technology Options Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) Closed Crankcase Ventilation Filtration (CCVF) System Engine Reflash (International T444E Engines) Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)

Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Effective October 15, 2006, on-road diesel fuel sulfur content < 15 ppm. Advantages/Disadvantages Transparent No Engine/Vehicle Modifications Technology Enabler Emission Reductions - Cost Availability Dedicated Distribution/Handling

Diesel Oxidation Catalyst Definition: A DOC is a device that uses a chemical process to break down pollutants in the exhaust stream into less harmful components. Advantages/Disadvantages No Special Fuel Requirements Minimal Exhaust Modification Proven Technology (OEM Option) Cost Effective No Maintenance - Moderate Emission Reductions (Compared to DPF)

Diesel Oxidation Catalyst Carbon SOF NOx CO HC Carbon NOx Water Oxidation catalysts oxidize CO, hydrocarbons (HCs) and the soluble organic fraction (SOF) to reduce PM, CO, HCs, and toxic emissions

Closed Crankcase Ventilation Filtration System Definition: Crankcase filtration systems allow the crankcase to be closed. Advantages/Disadvantages No Special Fuel Requirements Decreases In-cabin Emissions Proven Technology (New OEM Option) Low Cost - Requires Maintenance – Change CCVF Filter with oil change - Unique Installation Considerations

International T-444E Engine Reflash Definition: “Reflashing” the engine is a process that involves reconfiguring the computer control chip. This will recalibrate the engine and lowers its NOx emissions. Must also use a DOC or PM trap. Advantages/Disadvantages No Special Fuel Requirements NOx Reductions Proven Technology (OEM Option) No Change in Performance (Mileage, Power) - Limited to T-444E Engine, Model Years 1999-2003 - Must Use EPA Verified Package DOC (Engelhard)

Diesel Particulate Filters + High Reduction of HC, CO, and PM + Easy to install + Widely available Requires ULSD Fuel Minimum Temperature/Duration Requirements Requires periodic maintenance - High cost

Diesel Particulate Filter Technology Trapped Soot Cell Plugs Exhaust In (Soot, CO, HC) Enter Exhaust (CO2, H2O) Out

Verified Retrofit Technology Emission Reductions

MDE Retrofit Project Summary

2004 Mitsubishi Load Packer - DOC

2002 International BUS-CCVF

Other Verified Retrofit Technologies Emulsified Fuel- up to 50% PM, 10 to 15% NOx Biodiesel (B-20 up to 7% PM, 4% NOx) Fuel Borne Catalyst Lean-NOx catalysts Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) Selective catalytic reduction (SCR)

Lessons Learned Conduct Outreach to Local Jurisdictions Build Partnerships Develop an Inventory of Potential Projects Develop Realistic Project Schedules Understand which events you can and can not control

MDE Contact Information Marcia Ways (410) 537-3286 mway@mde.state.md.us Tim Shepherd (410) 537-3236 tshepherd@mde.state.md.us Lonnie Richmond (410) 537-4010 lrichmond@mde.state.md.us

Maryland Department of the Environment Robert L. Ehrlich, Jr., Governor Michael S. Steele, Lt. Governor Kendl P. Philbrick, Secretary Jonas A. Jacobson, Deputy Secretary