A Critical Analysis of Environmental Provisions in the Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) in the Asia-Pacific I-Ju Chen 24th February 2017

Contents I. PTAs and the Asia-Pacific II Contents I. PTAs and the Asia-Pacific II. Analysis of Environmental Provisions III. Assessment of TPP IV. Challenges and Opportunities

I. PTAs and the Asia-Pacific Western and Asian countries

I. PTAs and the Asia-Pacific Developed and Developing countries

II. Analysis of Environmental Provisions ❖26 PTAs ❖Forms ∙ in PTAs ∙ in a side environmental agreement ❖Three categories are identified: ∙ Substance ∙ Institutional mechanisms ∙ Enforcement

26 PTAs that incorporate environmental provisions: AUSFTA: Australia and the US Free Trade Agreement (2005) ACFTA: Australia and Chile Free Trade Agreement (2008) BJEPA: Brunei and Japan Economic Promotion Agreement (2007) CCFTA: Canada and Chile Free Trade Agreement (1997) CMFTA 1999: Chile and Mexico Free Trade Agreement (1999) CCnFTA 2005: Chile and China Free Trade Agreement (2005) CPFTA 2008: Canada and Peru Free Trade Agreement (2008) CnPFTA 2009: China and Peru Free Trade Agreement (2009) CAFTA 2015: China and Australia Free Trade Agreement (2015) CKFTA 2015: Canada and Korea Free Trade Agreement (2015) JMEPA 2005: Japan and Malaysia Economic Promotion Agreement (2005) JAEPA 2014: Japan and Australia Economic Promotion Agreement (2014)

KCFTA 2003: Korea and Chile Free Trade Agreement (2003) KSFTA 2005: Korea and Singapore Free Trade Agreement (2005) KORUS 2012: Korea and US Free Trade Agreement (2012) KAFTA 2014: Korea and Australia Free Trade Agreement (2014) MAFTA 2013: Malaysia and Australia Free Trade Agreement (2013) NAFTA 1994: The North American Free Trade Agreement (1994) SAFTA 2003: Singapore and Australia Free Trade Agreement (2003) SEP 2005: Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement between Brunei, Chile, New Zealand and Singapore (2005) SCFTA 2008: Singapore and China Free Trade Agreement (2008) TAFTA 2005: Thailand and Australia Free Trade Agreement (2005) USSFTA 2003: US and Singapore Free Trade Agreement (2003) UPTPA 2006: US and Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (2006) UCFTA 2004: US and Chile Free Trade Agreement (2004) VCFTA 2014: Vietnam and Chile Free Trade Agreement (2014)

II. Analysis of Substance ❖Findings Reflected in trade and investment; Avoid green protectionism; Higher Protection after 2013 (Exception: Australia’s FTAs with Chia, Japan and Malaysia); Broader protection in PTAs of Western countries ❖Comments: Effectiveness of the PTAs

II. Analysis of Institutional Mechanisms ❖Findings: Environmental institutions and assessments; Canada’s Foreign Investment Protection and Promotion Agreements: request of environmental assessments ❖Comments: Operation of institutional mechanisms

II. Analysis of Enforcement ❖Findings: Types: investigatory, prosecutorial, regulatory and compliance; Access to Remedies and Procedural Requirements; Dispute Settlement Mechanisms ❖Comments: Available but seldom be used; the absence in the Asian PTAs

III. Assessment of TPP ❖Summary of the analysis of existing PTAs ❖Greener? Yes. Factors: Broad Scope: Fishing, marine conservation and pollution, logging, ozone. Removing tariffs on numerous environmental goods; enforcement: monetary fines and trade sanctions ❖Criticisms of TPP

IV. Challenges and Opportunities ❖Provisions of specific environmental matters ❖Gap of environmental standards ❖Regional environmental governance by a RTA: TPP or RCEP? Image: David Kleimann

Thank you.  Email: ixc495@bham.ac.uk Twitter:@Iju_Chen