Unit 11: Intelligence (Cognition) CHS AP Psychology Unit 11: Intelligence (Cognition) Essential Task 11.2: Compare and contrast historic and contemporary theories of intelligence with specific attention to general intelligence, triarchic theory, crystallized/fluid intelligence, multiple intelligences, emotional intelligence.  Logo Green is R=8 G=138 B=76 Blue is R= 0 G=110 B=184 Border Grey is R=74 G=69 B=64

General Intelligence Theorist: Charles Spearman (1904) Also called g factor According to Spearman, this g factor was responsible for overall performance on mental ability tests.

General Intelligence How did he prove it? Spearman used factor analysis to find correlations among tests of different cognitive tasks. Technical definition: The g factor is a variable that summarizes positive correlations among different cognitive tasks, reflecting the fact that an individual's performance at one type of cognitive task tends to be comparable to his or her performance at other kinds of cognitive tasks. Huh? If you are good at an intelligent task, you will be good at many things.

Triarchic theory (Also known as Sternberg’s Three Intelligences) Theorist – Robert J. Sternberg (1985) More of a cognitive look at intelligence rather than a psychometric focus. Sternberg’s theory of intelligence is made up of three parts Analytic Creative Practical

Triarchic Theory: Analytic Academic problem solving skills similar to the standard psychometric definition of intelligence e.g. as measured by Academic problem solving: analogies and puzzles, and corresponds to his earlier componential intelligence. Sternberg considers this reflects how an individual relates to his internal world.

Triarchic Theory: Creative insights, synthesis and the ability to react to novel situations and stimuli. Sternberg considers this the Experiential aspect of intelligence and reflects how an individual connects the internal world to external reality.

Triarchic Theory: Practical Intelligence (a) adaptation to the environment in order to have goals met (b) changing the environment in order to have goals met (c) or, if (a) and (b) don't work moving to a new environment In which goals can be met  People with this type of intelligence can adapt to, or shape their environment.

Crystallized vs. Fluid Intelligence Theorist: R. B. Cattell (1971) Identified two clusters of mental abilities Crystallized intelligence one’s lifetime of intellectual achievement, as demonstrated largely through one's vocabulary and general knowledge Fluid intelligence the capacity to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge. Crystalized intelligence increases with age while fluid intelligence decreases in old age.

Multiple Intelligences Theorist: Howard Gardner – 1980s the extent to which humans possess different kinds of minds and therefore learn, remember, perform, and understand in different ways 8 Intelligences

Multiple Intelligences 1. Naturalist Intelligence (“Nature Smart”) 2. Musical Intelligence (“Musical Smart”) 3. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence (Number/Reasoning Smart) 4. Interpersonal Intelligence (People Smart”) 5. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence (“Body Smart”) 6. Linguistic Intelligence (Word Smart) 7. Intra-personal Intelligence (Self Smart”) 8. Spatial Intelligence (“Picture Smart”)

What are your intelligences. Let’s find out What are your intelligences? Let’s find out! Complete a Multiple Intelligences Survey

Assessing Intelligence Psychologists define intelligence testing as “a method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with others using numerical scores.” Preview Question 6: When and why were intelligence tests created?

WAIS WAIS (Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale) measures overall intelligence and 11 other aspects related to intelligence that are designed to assess clinical and educational problems.

Principles of Test Construction For a psychological test to be acceptable it must fulfill the following three criteria: Standardization Reliability Validity Preview Question 7: What’s the difference between aptitude and achievement tests, and how can we develop and evaluate them?

Standardization Standardizing a test involves administering the test to a representative sample of future test takers in order to establish a basis for meaningful comparison.

Normal Curve Standardized tests establish a normal distribution of scores on a tested population in a bell-shaped pattern called the normal curve.

Reliability A test is reliable when it yields consistent results. To establish reliability researchers establish different procedures: Split-half Reliability: Dividing the test into two equal halves and assessing how consistent the scores are. Test-Retest Reliability: Using the same test on two occasions to measure consistency. Preview Question 8: How stable are intelligence scores over the life span?

Validity Reliability of a test does not ensure validity. Validity of a test refers to what the test is supposed to measure or predict. Content Validity: Refers to the extent a test measures a particular behavior or trait. Predictive Validity: Refers to the function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait.

Extremes of Intelligence A valid intelligence test divides two groups of people into two extremes: the mentally retarded (IQ 70) and individuals with high intelligence (IQ 135). These two groups are significantly different. Preview Question 9: What are the traits of those at the low and high intelligence extremes? Intellectual Disability

High Intelligence Contrary to popular belief, people with high intelligence test scores tend to be healthy, well adjusted, and unusually successful academically.

Intellectual Disability Individuals who have an intellectual disability required constant supervision a few decades ago, but with a supportive family environment and special education they can now care for themselves. AN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY Intellectual Disability

Flynn Effect In the past 60 years, intelligence scores have risen steadily by an average of 27 points. This phenomenon is known as the Flynn effect.

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW of Emotional Intelligence 1990 – Salovey & Mayer coin term “emotional intelligence “it is an intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one’s own and others’ feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and action.” 1995 - Daniel Goleman publishes “Emotional Intelligence.”

GOLMAN’S THEORY THE BRAIN HAS EMOTIONAL ARCHITECTURE Limbic structures generate feelings & emotions Reptilian brain downshift as the amygdala performs “neural hijacking” http://www.terrybragg.com/Article_Reptilianbrain.htm

COMPONENTS OF E.I. Self-Awareness Self-Management or trustworthiness Motivation or resilience Empathy or recognizing emotions in others Social skills or handling relationships

COMPONENTS OF E. I. FIRST THREE ARE PERSONAL LAST TWO ARE SOCIAL SELF-AWARENESS SELF-REGULATION MOTIVATION LAST TWO ARE SOCIAL EMPATHY SOCIAL SKILL

SELF-AWARENESS “THE ABILITY TO RECOGNIZE AND UNDERSTAND YOUR MOODS, EMOTIONS, AND DRIVES, AS WELL AS THEIR EFFECTS ON OTHERS Do I know how I’m coming off in this situation?

SELF-REGULATION “THE ABILITY TO CONTROL OR REDIRECT DISRUPTING IMPULSES AND MOODS OR THE ABILITY TO SUSPEND JUDGMENT TO THINK BEFORE ACTING.”

SELF-REGULATION ABILITY TO RELAX MANAGE STRESS CONTROL MOODS RECOVER FROM EMOTIONAL UPSET MORE QUICKLY EMPLOY THE 6 SECOND PAUSE

SELF-REGULATION PEOPLE WHO SELF-REGULATE CREATE AN ATMOSPHERE OF TRUST AND FAIRNESS REDUCE EMOTIONAL REACTIVITY IN ENVIRONMENT

MOTIVATION “A PASSION TO WORK FOR REASONS THAT GO BEYOND MONEY OR STATUS” JOB CAPABILITIES Achievement drive Commitment Initiative Optimism

EMPATHY “THE ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND THE EMOTIONAL MAKE-UP OF OTHER PEOPLE.”

EMPATHY Qualities: ABILITY TO TAKE OTHER’S PERSPECTIVE CARING ATTITUDE CAN BETTER READ VERBAL & NONVERBAL CUES ATTUNED TO NEEDS & EMOTIONS OF OTHERS

EMPATHY EMPATHY BUILDS ON SELF-AWARENESS. THE MORE OPEN WE ARE TO OUR OWN EMOTIONS, THE MORE SKILLED WE ARE IN READING OTHERS’ EMOTIONS

SOCIAL SKILLS “PROFICIENCY IN MANAGING RELATIONSHIPS AND BUILDING NETWORKS.” Using your empathetic knowledge

ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENTS Work Profile Questionnaire—E I Version Emotional Competence Inventory 360 Emotional Intelligence Appraisal Baron Emotional Quotient Inventory Mayer-Salovey-Caruso-EI Test

What is your Emotional Quotient? Let’s find out!