Chapter 3: Individual Differences

The “Right Stuff” at the Wrong Time Entrepreneurs/Innovators as business men and women Zynga Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © SAGE Publications, 2016.

https://www. youtube. com/watch https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pE6ZZXk-9b4&list=PLRlmMEdM_LGefKSz0vXZYFPBSfB_M5K7o. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pjx0A7Doz6A Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © SAGE Publications, 2016.

What is Personality? Regularities in feeling, thought, and action that are characteristic of an individual Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © SAGE Publications, 2016.

The Role of Heredity Occupational choice Motivation Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © SAGE Publications, 2016.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Most-often administered personality test Introversion vs. Extraversion Sensing vs. Intuition Thinking vs. Feeling Judging vs. Perceiving Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © SAGE Publications, 2016.

The MBTI Limitations Limited support for validity and reliability Uses Training and classroom settings Conflict resolution Team building Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © SAGE Publications, 2016.

“THE BIG FIVE” Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Trait Description Openness Being curious, original, intellectual, creative, and open to new ideas Conscientiousness Being organized, systematic, punctual, achievement oriented, and dependable Extraversion Being outgoing, talkative, sociable, and able to enjoy social situations Agreeableness Being affable, tolerant, sensitive, trusting, kind, and warm Neuroticism Being anxious, irritable, temperamental, and moody Source: Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (2005). Yes, personality matters: Moving on to more important matters. Human Performance, 18, 359–372. Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © SAGE Publications, 2016.

Personality Types A, B, C, and D Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © SAGE Publications, 2016.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5pggDCnt5M Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © SAGE Publications, 2016.

Psychological Capital dimensions Efficacy – belief in oneself Optimism – being positive Hope – seeing the pathways to the future Resiliency – ability to “bounce back” Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © SAGE Publications, 2016.

DIMENSIONS OF POSITIVE Psychological Capital Source: Adapted from Luthans, F. & Youssef, C. M. (2004). Investing in People for Competitive Advantage. Organizational Dynamics, 33(5), p.152. Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © SAGE Publications, 2016.

Emotions and Moods at Work Emotional contagion Emotions spread to others (positive or negative) Affect – refers to both emotions and moods Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © SAGE Publications, 2016.

HOW Mood & Affect RELATE TO Performance Source: Rothbard, N. P. & Wilks, S. L. (2011). Waking up on the right or wrong side of the bed: Start-of-workday mood, work events, employee affect, and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 54(5), 959–980. p. 963. Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © SAGE Publications, 2016.

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE (EI) Self-awareness Other-awareness Emotion regulation Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © SAGE Publications, 2016.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=piSU4ZuCieg Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © SAGE Publications, 2016.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kdhjztWMnVw Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © SAGE Publications, 2016.

Can EI Be Learned? 1. The first discovery: Who do I want to be? 2. The second discovery: Who am I? What are my strengths and gaps? 3. The third discovery: How can I build on strengths and reduce the gaps? 4. The fourth discovery: Trying new behaviors, thoughts and feelings 5. The fifth discovery: Developing trusting relationships that enable change Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © SAGE Publications, 2016.

Emotional Labor: “FakE it until you Make it” Scripts Level of “faking” differs Deep acting -- we actually try to change our emotions Surface acting -- we hide our emotions and feelings Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © SAGE Publications, 2016.

Affective Events Theory: An Organizing Framework The work environment and events trigger emotional reactions (positive and negative affect). Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © SAGE Publications, 2016.

AFFECTIVE EVENTS THEORY Source: Ashkanasy, N. M., & Daus, C. S. (2002). Emotion in the workplace: The new challenge for managers. Academy of Management Executive, 16(1), p. 77. Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © SAGE Publications, 2016.

Diversity Includes individual attributes like gender, race/ethnicity, age, and disability status Much more than protected classes Surface level and deep level Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © SAGE Publications, 2016.

GENERATIONS AT THE WORKPLACE Traditionalists (born between 1900 and 1945) Boomers (born between 1946 and 1964) Generation X or Gen Xers (born between 1965 and 1980) Millennials (born between 1981 and 1999) Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © SAGE Publications, 2016.

Generations on the Job Traditionalists Boomers Gen. Xers Millennials “Build a legacy” A lifetime career with one company “Build a stellar career” Excel in career “Build a portable career” A repertoire of skill, experience “Build parallel careers” Several jobs simultaneously Career Goals Security and fair rewards, part-time schedule Monetary gains and career progression, flexibility Immediate rewards and career portability Parallel careers and choice Work/Life Support me in maintaining balance Help me balance everyone else and find myself Give me balance now, not when I’m 65 Work isn’t everything, I need flexibility to balance all my activities Source: Adapted from Zemke, R., Raines, C., & Filipczak, B. (2000). Generations at work: Managing the clash of Veterans, Boomers, Xers, and Nexters in your workplace. New York, NY: American Management Association. Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © SAGE Publications, 2016.

Leadership Implications: Embracing Diversity Diversity is related to competitive advantage. Organizations should include in their diversity planning: Cost, attraction of human resources, marketing success, creativity and innovation, problem-solving quality, and organizational flexibility. Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © SAGE Publications, 2016.

Good leaders are extroverts Debate 1 Round One Team One Presentation of “Pro/positive” or “Arguments for” 5 minutes Team Two Presentation of “Con/negative” or “Arguments against” Team Discussion Period This period is used for teams to prepare their responses Round Two Response or rebuttal of “Pro/positive” or “Arguments for” 3 minutes Response or rebuttal of “Con/negative” or “Arguments against” Good leaders are extroverts Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © SAGE Publications, 2016.