CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION Reporting Category 1 CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION PART 1 – BIOMOLECULES, CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Biomolecules Monomer vs polymer Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

Carbohydrates Monomer: Simple Sugars FunctionL Ready source of energy; also used for structure Examples: Glucose, Starch, Cellular, Glycogen

Proteins Monomer: Amino Acids Function: Transport, Enzymes (speed up reactions), Immunity (antibodies), Cell communication Examples: Enzymes, Hemoglobin, Antibodies, Hormones

Lipids Monomer: Fatty Acids Function: Long-term energy source, component of cell membrane Examples: Fats, oils, hormones, phospholipids

Nucleic Acids Monomer: Nucleotide Function: Store and transmit genetic info to make proteins Examples: DNA and RNA

Two types of cells Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic Cells Lack a nucleus and most other organelles Include Eubacteria and Archaebacteria Archaebacteria – ancient bacteria Eubacteria – true bacteria Good bacteria and pathogenic bacteria

Eukaryotic Cells HAVE a nucleus and most other organelles Include protists, fungi, plants and animals YOU are EUkaryotic

Cell Part Function Cell Membrane Nuclear Membrane Nucleus Chromosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes Golgi Body Vacuole Lysosomes Mitochondria Chloroplast Controls what enters and Leaves the Cell Controls what enters and Leaves the nucleus Control center of the cells Genetic Information in the nucleus Transport system in a cell Makes Proteins Packages and Ships Stores water or wastes Breaks down old cell parts Cellular respiration (makes energy) Photosynthesis

Two Types of Eukaryotic Cells Animal Plant

Animal Cells Free-form shape Many Small Vacuoles No Chloroplasts No Cell Wall

Plant Cells Square Shaped One Large Vacuole Has Chloroplasts Has Cell wall

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION Reporting Category 1 CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION PART 2 – CELLULAR TRANSPORT; CELL GROWTH & DIVISION

Homeostasis Maintaining constant internal environment

Homeostasis Control of body temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, urine output, digestive absorption, metabolism rate, growth rate and hormone levels all need to be maintained.

Homeostasis How do we maintain homeostasis??? By moving things in and out of the cell!! What part of the cell is responsible for maintaining homeostasis? CELL MEMBRANE!

Cellular Transport Passive Transport Active Transport area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Diffusion, Osmosis, Facillitated diffusion Active Transport area of low concentration to an area of high concentration Active Transport (pumps) Endocytosis/Exocytosis Phagocytosis Pinocytosis

Cell Membrane

Passive Transport (Diffusion & Osmosis) Osmosis is the diffusion of H2O

TONICITY – WATER MOVING (Think about Egg Lab0 ISOTONIC – solute/solvent concentration balanced in cell (NO net movement of water) HYPOTONIC – solute concentration is low outside of cell so water moves INTO cell (cell blows up) HYPERTONIC – solute concentration is high outside of cell so water moves OUT of the cell (cell shrinks)

    Active Transport Energy is used to move selected molecules into a cell, even if they are at a low concentration.

CELL TRANSPORT OVERVIEW Diffusion Movement from high to low concentration No energy required Osmosis Movement of water from high to low WATER concentration across a membrane Active Transport Movement from LOW concentration to HIGH concentration USES ATP

Viruses

Viruses Made up of two main things Protein capsid Genetic material (DNA or RNA) Not technically living Need a host cell to reproduce (invades your cells then breaks out) Cause diseases HIV – infects helper T cells (immune cells) Colds, smallpox, warts, influenza, etc. Can’t be killed by antibiotics

Viral Attack Viruses invade cells Proteins on a virus’ capsid fit into our cell receptors like a lock and key

Lytic vs. Lysogenic Cycle

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) Attacks T-Cells (Immune Cells) Sexually transmitted Cannot be treated by antibiotics May undergo a latency period without being detected allowing a person to pass the virus unknowingly

Comparing Viruses to Cells

Cell Cycle Interphase G1: Gap 1 – Cell Growth S: Synthesis – DNA replication G2: Gap 2 – Cell growth and prepare for division G0 – Holding stage if cell density is too high and cells don’t need to reproduce

DNA Replication The process of copying DNA Occurs before Mitosis Occurs during synthesis phase of cell cycle Keeps daughter cells identical Replication Fork Parental DNA Molecule 3’ 5’

DNA Replication Basic Steps Unwinds Unzips Adds new bases Closes back up Replication Fork Parental DNA Molecule 3’ 5’

Complementary Strands If one side is CAG, what is the complementary strand? Answer: GTC If one side is AAC, what is the complementary strand? Answer: TTG

MITOSIS Cell Splitting into two identical daughter cells Occurs in all cells of the body EXCEPT sex cells (sperm and egg) DNA is replicated first then the cell splits 4 Stages Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

MITOSIS Remember your hand signals! Prophase – Still has a nucleus Metaphase – Chromosomes MEET in the MIDDLE Anaphase – Chromosomes pull AWAY Telophase – TWO new nuclei

CELL CYCLE

UNCONTROLLED MITOSIS Tumors are formed This is what is called cancer

Cell Specialization SAME DNA!!! DIFFERENT GENES TURNED OFF/ON (OPERON)