Conjunctions

Conjunctions Conjunctions are connecting words They connect two or more sentences, clauses, phrases, or words (I’ll call them elements for simplicity)

Conjunctions Conjunctions are connecting words They connect two or more sentences, clauses, phrases, or words (I’ll call them elements for simplicity) Conjunctions connect by stating a relationship among the elements The specific conjunction used reflects a specific type of relationship

Conjunctions Conjunctions are connecting words They connect two or more sentences, clauses, phrases, or words (I’ll call them elements for simplicity) Conjunctions connect by stating a relationship between or among the elements The specific conjunction used reflects a specific type of relationship The specific relationships can Relate equal elements Relate unequal elements Act as modifiers (e.g., act as adverbs) Focus on independent clauses tonight

Connecting Independent Clauses Three ways to connect independent clauses Don’t connect them if they are not strongly related, if you don’t care about the relationship, or if the sentence would be too long. Example: Ted felt much better after a long walk on the bike path. He often goes for a walk in the evenings. Example: My granddaughter wants to learn to walk. She is so cute.

Connecting Independent Clauses Three ways to connect independent clauses (cont’d) Use a coordinator (2nd column), such as “and” or “but”, for connecting clauses of equal importance and/or emphasis Example: Women follow more healthful diets, and they go to doctors more often.

Connecting Independent Clauses Three ways to connect independent clauses Use a coordinator (2nd column), such as “and” or “but”, for connecting clauses of equal importance Example: Women follow more healthful diets, and they go to doctors more often. Use a conjunctive adverb *(3rd column), such as “furthermore” or “however”, for connecting clause that are not of equal importance or emphasis That is, one clause is included primarily to either explain, enhance, or limit the other Example: Women follow more healthful diets; furthermore, they go to doctors more often. (used to enhance) Example: Women follow more healthful diets; however, they don’t exercise as much. (used to limit (by contrasting)) * Also called subjunctive coordinator

Punctuation for Connecting Independent Clauses If you don’t connect them, simply use a period to separate. Example: Ted walked along the bike path. He often goes for a walk in the evenings.

Punctuation for Connecting Independent Clauses If you don’t connect them, simply use a period to separate. If you use a coordinator -> use a comma to separate Example: Women follow more healthful diets, and they go to doctors more often.

Punctuation for Connecting Independent Clauses If you use a coordinator -> use a comma to separate Example: Women follow more healthful diets, and they go to doctors more often. Use a conjunctive adverb (or subjunctive coordinator) -> use a semi-colon to separate the clauses and comma after the conjunctive adverb Example: Women follow more healthful diets; furthermore, they go to doctors more often. Example: Women follow more healthful diets; however, they don’t exercise as much. Note: “so” and “otherwise” don’t require a following comma when used as conjunctive adverbs

Matthew 11:28-30 (page 943) 28 Then Jesus said, "Come to me, all of you who are weary and carry heavy burdens, and I will give you rest. 29 Take my yoke upon you. Let me teach you, because I am humble and gentle, and you will find rest for your souls. 30 For my yoke fits perfectly, and the burden I give you is light."

Matthew 11:28 28 Then Jesus said, "Come to me, all of you who are weary and carry heavy burdens, and I will give you rest.

Matthew 11:28 28 Then Jesus said, "Come to me, all of you who are weary and carry heavy burdens, and I will give you rest. Noun clause: Come to me, all of you who are weary and carry heavy burdens, and I will give you rest.

Matthew 11:28 28 Then Jesus said, "Come to me, all of you who are weary and carry heavy burdens, and I will give you rest. Noun clause: Come to me, all of you who are weary and carry heavy burdens, and I will give you rest Component clauses: (all of you …) come to me, and I will give you rest. Two independent clause connected by “and”

Matthew 11:28 28 Then Jesus said, "Come to me, all of you who are weary and carry heavy burdens, and I will give you rest. Noun clause: Come to me, all of you who are weary and carry heavy burdens, and I will give you rest Component clauses: (all of you …) come to me, and I will give you rest. Two independent clause connected by “and” who are weary and carry heavy burdens Dependent clause that focuses on a particular audience who is a relative pronoun, introducing the clause that identifies “you” (so no comma)

Matthew 11:29 29 Take my yoke upon you. Let me teach you, because I am humble and gentle, and you will find rest for your souls.

Matthew 11:29 29 Take my yoke upon you. Let me teach you, because I am humble and gentle, and you will find rest for your souls. Component clauses Independent clause: Take my yoke upon you. Independent clause: Let me teach you, Dependent clause: because I am humble and gentle, and you will find rest for your souls.

Matthew 11:29 29 Take my yoke upon you. Let me teach you, because I am humble and gentle, and you will find rest for your souls. Component clauses Independent clause: Take my yoke upon you. Independent clause: Let me teach you, Dependent clause: because I am humble and gentle, and … souls Two clauses connected by an “and” (two equal reasons why we should let him teach us) I am humble and gentle you will find rest for your souls

Matthew 11:30 30 For my yoke fits perfectly, and the burden I give you is light."

Matthew 11:30 30 For my yoke fits perfectly, and the burden I give you is light." Assumption: based on its position, “for” is being used as a subordinator, not a preposition, and means “because” Ties back to “you will find rest for your souls”

Matthew 11:30 30 For my yoke fits perfectly, and the burden I give you is light." Assumption: based on its position, “for” is being used as a subordinator, not a preposition, and means “because” Ties back to “you will find rest for your souls” Clauses: Independent clauses: “my yoke fits perfectly”, “the burden is light”, related by the conjunction “and” Dependent clause: (that) I give you – Note: “that” is the optional relative pronoun and was omitted.

Conjunctions

Conjunctions Conjunctions are connecting words They connect two or more sentences, clauses, phrases, or words (I’ll call them elements for simplicity) Conjunctions connect by stating a relationship among the elements The specific conjunction used reflects a specific type of relationship The specific relationships can Relate equal elements Relate unequal elements Act as modifiers (i.e., act as adverbs) Focus on independent clauses tonight

Connecting Independent Clauses Three ways to connect independent clauses Don’t connect them if they are not strongly related, if you don’t care about the relationship, or if the sentence would be too long. Example: Ted walked along the bike path. He often goes for a walk in the evenings. Use a coordinator (2nd column), such as “and” or “but”, for connecting clauses of equal importance and/or emphasis Example: Women follow more healthful diets, and they go to doctors more often. Use a conjunctive adverb *(3rd column), such as “furthermore”, for connecting clause that are not of equal importance or emphasis That is, one clause is included primarily to either explain, enhance, or limit the other Example: Women follow more healthful diets; furthermore, they go to doctors more often. (used to enhance) Example: Women follow more healthful diets; however, they don’t exercise as much. (used to limit) * Also called subjunctive coordinator

Punctuation: Connecting Independent Clauses If you don’t connect them, simply use a period to separate. If you use a coordinator -> use a comma to separate Example: Women follow more healthful diets, and they go to doctors more often. Use a conjunctive adverb (or subjunctive coordinator) -> use a semi-colon to separate the clauses and comma after the conjunctive adverb Example: Women follow more healthful diets; furthermore, they go to doctors more often. Example: Women follow more healthful diets; however, they don’t exercise as much. Note: “so” and “otherwise” don’t require a following comma when used as conjunctive adverbs

Matthew 11:28 28 Then Jesus said, "Come to me, all of you who are weary and carry heavy burdens, and I will give you rest. Noun clause: Come to me, all of you who are weary and carry heavy burdens, and I will give you rest (noun clause because it is something Jesus said) Component clauses: (all of you …)* come to me, and I will give you rest. Two independent clause connected by “and” who are weary and carry heavy burdens Dependent clause that focuses on a particular audience who is a relative pronoun, introducing the clause that identifies “you” (so no comma) * Subject and verb reversed for emphasis

Matthew 11:29 29 Take my yoke upon you. Let me teach you, because I am humble and gentle, and you will find rest for your souls. Component clauses Independent clause: Take my yoke upon you. Independent clause: Let me teach you, Dependent clause: because I am humble and gentle, and … souls Two clauses connected by an “and” (two equal reason why we should let him teach us) I am humble and gentle you will find rest for your souls

Matthew 11:30 30 For my yoke fits perfectly, and the burden I give you is light." Assumption: based on its position, “for” is being used as a subordinator, not a preposition, and means “because” Ties back to “you will find rest for your souls” Clauses: Independent clauses: “my yoke fits perfectly”, “the burden is light”, related by the conjunction “and” Dependent clause: (that) I give you – Note: “that” is the optional relative pronoun and was omitted.