Anatomical Terminology Anterior – front of the animal Caudal – towards the tail of an animal Cranial – towards the head of an animal Deep – further from the surface Distal – part of the limb furthest from the body Dorsal – along the back or uppermost surface Frontal plane – body plane that divides the animal into dorsal and ventral parts Anatomy & Physiology TM

Lateral – side of an animal Median – body plane that divides the animal into “equal” right and left halves Posterior – rear of the animal Proximal – part of the limb closest to the body Sagittal – any body plane that is parallel to the median plane Superficial – closer to the surface Transverse – body plane that divides the body into cranial and caudal parts Ventral – along the belly surface Anatomy & Physiology TM

Directional Terminology Dorsal Dorsal Dorsal Dorsal Cranial Caudal Ventral Ventral Proximal Distal Anterior Posterior Anatomy & Physiology TM

3-D and Surface Planes Median Transverse Sagittal Frontal Deep Superficial Anatomy & Physiology TM

Skeletal System Framework of structures, made of bone and cartilage that support and protect the body. Anatomy & Physiology TM

AXIAL SKELETON INCLUDES: SKULL VERTEBRAE RIBS STERNUM Anatomy & Physiology TM

SKULL MANY BONES FUSED TOGETHER. THE SOFT SPOT ON THE TOP IS CALLED A FONTANEL Anatomy & Physiology TM

VERTEBRAE HAVE 5 DISTINCT REGIONS CERVICAL – verterbae of neck region - ATLAS – called C1, first cervical vertebra; forms the joint that lets you nod “yes” - AXIS – called C2, second cervical vertebra; forms the joints that lets you nod “no” There are 7 cervical vertebrae in all mammals EVEN GIRAFFES Anatomy & Physiology TM

2. THORACIC – vertebrae of body region, always a rib attached and a spine on top “true ribs’ : directly attach to sternum with cartilage “false ribs” connect to each other with cartilage, not the sternum “floating ribs’ seen in the dog, have cartilage on the tips but do not attach to anything Anatomy & Physiology TM

3. LUMBAR –vertebrae of lower back Carnivores tend to have more – probably for greater flexibility Herbivores have short, strong backs to support large digestive and reproductive organs Anatomy & Physiology TM

4. SACRAL – vertebrae of the pelvic region Fused together on ventral side Herbivores tend to have more strength and support to the back Carnivores tend to have less for flexibility Anatomy & Physiology TM

5. COCCYGEAL – vertebrae of the tail region Used for balance Become smaller at the end of the tail Anatomy & Physiology TM

Appendicular skeleton – fore and hind limbs Forelimb 1. scapula – shoulder blade attached with muscle 2. clavicle – the cat is the only domestic animal with a clavicle 3. humerus – forms upper arm 4. ulna – forms the elbow joint, fused with the radius in herbivores 5. Radius – forms the forearm Anatomy & Physiology TM

Anatomy & Physiology TM

Anatomy & Physiology TM

Continued 6. Carpus – called knee in horses; wrist in dogs and humans 7. Metacarpals – commonly called cannon region of forelimb Number depends on: Humans -5 Horses 1 + 2 accessory metacarpal Dogs and cats – 4 plus dewclaw Cattle – 1 that splits at bottom into cloven hoof and 2 dewclaws Pigs – 4 ) 2 toes and 2 dewclaws Anatomy & Physiology TM

8.Proximal phalanx - P1 Bones of finger, hoof and claw 9. Internediate phalanx P2 10. Distal phalanx – P3 coffin bone in horses 11 proximal sesamoids – tucked in behind P1 12. Delta sesamoid – tucked underneath P3 Navicular bone in horses Anatomy & Physiology TM

Hind limb 13. Pelvis Tuber coxae – part of pelvis that forms point of hip Ischiatic tuberosity – pelvis that forms “seat bones” 14. femur 15. patella – stifle in horses, knee in dogs Anatomy & Physiology TM

16. Tibia main bone of the gaskin of horse 17. Fibula – fused with tibia and considered vestigal in herbivores 18. Tarsus - hock or human ankle 19. Metatarsal – cannon region in hind limb 20. P1 21. P2 22. P3 23 Proximal and distal sesamoids Anatomy & Physiology TM

Axial and Appendicular Skeleton Axis Vertebrae Skull Cervical Sacral Thoracic Lumbar Coccygeal Atlas Scapula Pelvis Femur Patella Humerus Ribs Olecranon Fibula Tibia Radius Tarsals Carpals Metatarsals Ulna Phalanges Phalanges Sesamoids Metacarpals Anatomy & Physiology TM

Classification of Bones Short bone – cube shaped, i.e. carpus and tarsus Flat bone – plate of bone, i.e. scapula, rib, skull Irregular bone – complex shaped, i.e. vertebrae Sesamoid – small, seed-shaped bone, i.e. proximal and distal sesamoids, patella Long bone – bone is longer that it is wide, i.e. femur, tibia, humerus, etc. Anatomy & Physiology TM

Anatomy & Physiology TM

Bone Anatomy Diaphysis – body of long bone Epiphysis – enlarged ends of long bones Metaphysis – joining point of diaphysis and epiphysis Periosteum – thin outer protective layer of bone Medullary cavity – space within bone filled with marrow Endosteum – thin outer protective layer lining the medullary cavity Anatomy & Physiology TM

Bone Anatomy Epiphysis Diaphysis Periosteum Medullary cavity Endosteum Bone marrow Metaphysis Anatomy & Physiology TM

- occurs in the epiphysis of long bones Bone growth - occurs in the epiphysis of long bones - epiphyseal growth plates produce cartilage, which gradually turns into bone via a process called OSSIFICATION Anatomy & Physiology TM

FRACTURES major categories Simple – bone doesn’t break skin Compound – bone breaks through skin, much more serious than previous Complete – fracture goes completely across the bone Incomplete – fracture does not go completely across the bone Anatomy & Physiology TM

Anatomy & Physiology TM

Anatomy & Physiology TM

CLASSIFYING FRACTURES FISSURE: incomplete break along the long axis of bone GREENSTICK: incomplete break with one side of a bone, usually due to a bending force TRANSVERSE: break across the bone COMMINUTED: bone shatters in many places Anatomy & Physiology TM

Bone Fractures Fissured Greenstick Transverse Comminuted Anatomy & Physiology TM

Anatomy & Physiology TM

Healing Fractures – bones lay down a material called fibrocartilage, which gradually turns to bone in a process called ossification Anatomy & Physiology TM

Anatomy & Physiology TM

If the radius fractures, the ulna usually fractures too. Anatomy The fore limb has two bones between the wrist or carpus and the elbow joint: the radius and ulna bones. The radius is the main weight-supporting bone; the ulna bone supports very little weight. Small breed dogs have a poor blood supply to the lower fourth of the radius bone, therefore it is more susceptible to being fractured; also healing of the fracture can take longer than other bones in the body. Large breed dogs have a much better blood supply to this region, therefore a very substantial force needs to be applied to the bone before a fracture develops. If the radius fractures, the ulna usually fractures too. Anatomy & Physiology TM

Types of Muscles Muscles are contractile organs responsible for the voluntary and involuntary movements of animals. Skeletal muscle –allows for all voluntary movement, appears to be striated when looked at under a microscope. Cardiac muscle – controls the involuntary beating of the heart, appears striated under a microscope. Smooth muscle – responsible for all other involuntary movement, such as breathing, digestion, peristalsis, blinking, etc. Anatomy & Physiology TM

MOVEMENT Ambulation – moving from one place to another Abduction – moving away from the median plane Adduction – moving towards the median plane Flexion – moving the distal part of the limb towards the body Extension – moving the distal part of the limb away from the body Anatomy & Physiology TM

ALL muscles can do is CONTRACT or RELAX, so they generally Muscle Function ALL muscles can do is CONTRACT or RELAX, so they generally work in pairs. For any particular action, they muscles involved can be classified as AGONIST – prime mover of a joint ANTAGONIST – opposes movement of the agonist EX; Arm – AGONIST is the bicep and ANTAGONIST is tricep Elbow - AGONIST is the tricep and ANTAGONIST is bicep Anatomy & Physiology TM

Identification of Major Muscles Masseter – superficial muscle of cheek Trapezius – superficial triangular muscle of the shoulder Latissimus dorsi – long, superficial, dorsal muscle that attaches the humerus to the lumbar region of the back Abdominal Obliques – large flat muscles that support digestive and reproductive organs Anatomy & Physiology TM

Brachiocephalicus Latissimus dorsi Brachiocephalicus Latissimus dorsi Masseter Trapezius Trapezius Gluteals Pectorals Pectorals Deltoid Deltoid Triceps brachii Triceps brachii Biceps femoris Intercostal Biceps femoris Intercostal Anatomy & Physiology TM

5. Gluteals – large muscle of the upper hindquarters 6. Biceps femoris – lateral superficial muscle, one of the 3 which forms the “hamstrings” 7. Biceps brachii – primary flexor of the elbow joint 8. Triceps brachii – primary extensor of the elbow joint 9. Pectorals –primary adductors of the forelimbs 10. Serratus ventralis – attaches forelimb to trunk ( no collarbone) Anatomy & Physiology TM

Pectorals-latissimus dorsi Chest and back Muscles Part of the body Pectorals-latissimus dorsi Chest and back Anterior deltoids-posterior deltoids Front and back of the shoulder Trapezius-deltoids Upper back and shoulders Abdominus rectus-spinal erectors Abdomen and lower back Left and right external obliques Left and right side of the abdomen Quadriceps-hamstrings Front and back of the thigh Tibialis anterior-gastrocnemius Shin and calf Biceps-triceps Top and underside of upper arm Extensors-flexors Forearm Anatomy & Physiology TM

Anatomy & Physiology TM

skeletal cardiac smooth Anatomy & Physiology TM

Respiratory Brings oxygen from the air into the body and expels carbon dioxide. Works with circulatory to do this Anatomy & Physiology TM

UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Consists of nose ( snout, nostrils, etc) , mouth, pharynx, epiglottis and larynx Mucous membranes – lining of respiratory tract that excrete mucus Mucus – slimy secretion that helps to warm , moisten and filter air Cilia – tiny wave like hairs that line the nostrils and help filter air Anatomy & Physiology TM

Pharynx – passageway shared by digestive and respiratory systems Epiglottis – tiny flap that covers the larynx during swallowing Larynx – “voice box’ contains vocal cords that vibrate when air passes through Anatomy & Physiology TM

Upper Respiratory System Nasal cavity Pharynx Esophagus Mouth Larynx Epiglottis Tongue Trachea Anatomy & Physiology TM

LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Trachea – ‘windpipe” has rings of cartilage that keeps its shape Bronchi – branches at the bottom of the trachea that are contained in the lungs Bronchial tree – smallest branches of the bronchial tree Alveoli – grape like clusters at ends of brachioles where exchange of gases occurs Lungs – paired organs containing bronchi that are divided into clearly defined lobes Diaphragm – muscle located below the lungs that contracts causing the lungs to fill with air Anatomy & Physiology TM

Lower Respiratory System Epiglottis Alveoli Larynx Trachea Cartilage ring Lungs Bronchi Bronchioles Anatomy & Physiology TM

Breathing Inhalation – drawing in a breath Exhalation – release of a breath Apnea – Dyspnea – Bradypnea – Tachypnea – Respiration – exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs Anatomy & Physiology TM

Give an example of the Following Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Abdominal obliques Gluteals Biceps Agonist – antagonist - Anatomy & Physiology TM

Which is it? Abduction Adduction Ambulation Extension Flexion I’m walking, just walking? I’m kicking that soccer ball as hard as I can? My hands are going up and out in my jumping jack? I’m curling up into a ball because I am scared? My leg stretch is over and I am bringing my leg back done? Anatomy & Physiology TM

Where are they located? Alveoli Bronchi Bronchioles Cartilage rings Epiglottis Larynx Lungs Trachea Purpose of each? Anatomy & Physiology TM

What also goes into the upper respiratory system? Locate on the picture Epiglottis Esophagus Larynx Mouth Nasal cavity Pharynx Tongue Trachea What also goes into the upper respiratory system? Anatomy & Physiology TM

What in the world do these terms mean???? Apnea – Bradypnea – Dyspnea – Exhalation - Inhalation – Respiration – Tachypnea – What in the world do these terms mean???? Anatomy & Physiology TM

NERVOUS SYSTEM DETECTS AND PROCESSES INFORMATION AND FORMULATES RESPONSES COORDINATES AND CONTROLS ALL BODILY FUNCTION SENDS AND RECEIVES IMPULSES – ELECTRIC SIGNALS THAT TRAVEL THROUGH THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND PROVIDE INFORMATION TO THE BRAIN Anatomy & Physiology TM

TYPES OF NEURONS SENSORY NEURONS – carry impulses towards the brain and spinal cord CONNECTING NEURONS – carry impulses from one neuron to another MOTOR NEURONS – carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord to the body Anatomy & Physiology TM

Parts of Neuron Cell body – often called soma. Contains the cell nucleus. Dendrite - branch like; receives impulses Axon – sends impulses away from the cell Synapse – space in between neurons; contains a chemical substance called a neurotransmitter that helps impulses travel Myelin – protective sheath around the neuron Anatomy & Physiology TM

Parts of a Neuron Dendrite Cell body (soma) Myelin sheath Axon Synapse Anatomy & Physiology TM

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Brain - major organ of the nervous system Meninges – 3 layered protective covering of the brain Cerebrum – largest part of brain. Has 4 lobes that receive and store information and are responsible for giving signals for voluntary movement Cerebellum – coordinates all movement, muscle activity and balance Brainstem – connects the brain to the spinal cord and contains the medulla oblongata Anatomy & Physiology TM

e. Medulla oblongata – dictates all of life’s functions including: heart rate, breathing, and reflex action f. Thalamus – central relay system for all nerve impulses except small. It receives impulses and then directs them to the proper part of the brain g. Hypothalamus – serves as a link between the nervous system and the endocrine system h. Pituitary gland – secretes hormones important for reproduction and growth Anatomy & Physiology TM

Brain Anatomy Cerebrum Meninges Cerebellum Thalamus Spinal cord Pituitary gland Hypothalamus Brain stem Medulla oblongata Anatomy & Physiology TM

Spinal Cord Pathway for all impulses going to and from the brain. Connects to medulla oblongata Peripheral Nervous System –consists of nerves that relay information to and from the spinal cord Sympathetic Nervous System – responsible for emergency and stress responses; “fight or flight” Parasympathetic Nervous System –seeks to maintain and restore normal body function; often called homeostasis - a state of balance of the physiologic systems within the body Anatomy & Physiology TM

Anatomy & Physiology TM

Review If this is damaged I will probably need a respirator. - medulla oblongata ; controls heart, breathing, reflex 2. Helps me release hormones to relax. - hypothalamus 3. Helps me to balance while I stand on one leg. - cerebellum 4. Helps me do all those crunches. - cerebrum or cerebellum 5. Whoa that’s hot!!!!!!!!!! - thalamus 6. The soma. - cell body 7. Carries impulse form brain and spinal cord to body. - motor neurons Anatomy & Physiology TM

- sympathetic nervous system 8. Get me outta here!!!!!!!!! - sympathetic nervous system 9. It is so hot in here, that’s why I am sweating. - parasympathic nervous sysytem 10. Why can’t I remember that?? - cerebrum 11. Mama kitty won’t have any cute little baby kittens if I’m not doing my job! - pituitary 12. Be still my heart! - medulla oblongata 13. This neuron tells me to take my hand off that burner. - motor Anatomy & Physiology TM