Whiteboard Review Sections 12-1 and 12-2 DNA Structure Forms of DNA DNA Replication

What organelle is known as the “control center” of the cell? Why is it called the “control center”? What type of cells have this “control center”?

What organelle is known as the “control center” of the cell? Nucleus Why is it called the “control center”? Holds DNA – genetic material/code What type of cells have this “control center”? Eukaryotic cells only

2. How do genes on chromosomes control the activity of a cell?

2. How do genes on chromosomes control the activity of a cell? Chromosomes hold all the possible genes. Individual genes code for individual proteins, which make all of your life functions possible.

3. Which scientist discovered the process of transformation? Define the term, transformation.

3. Which scientist discovered the process of transformation? Griffith Define the term, transformation. Genetic information can be transferred from one organism to another.

4. Considering the Hersey-Chase experiment using isotopes for sulfur and phosphorous, which element is found in DNA and which element is found in protein?

4. Considering the Hersey-Chase experiment using isotopes for sulfur and phosphorous, which element is found in DNA and which element is found in protein? DNA = phosphorous Proteins = sulfur

5. Which scientist first discovered that it is the molecule of DNA that is responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information?

5. Which scientist first discovered that it is the molecule of DNA that is responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information? Avery

6. Name 3 scientists ultimately responsible for the discovery of DNA structure.

6. Name 3 scientists ultimately responsible for the discovery of DNA structure. Watson Crick Franklin

7. What is the monomer of a nucleic acid called? Draw one of these monomers and label the 3 individual parts.

7. What is the monomer of a nucleic acid called? Nucleotide Draw one of these monomers and label the 3 individual parts for DNA. Three parts: Phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base. Base should be directly linked to the sugar backbone.

8. What 2 parts of the nucleotide make up the backbone of the DNA structure? Which part of the backbone does the nitrogenous base connect to directly?

8. What 2 parts of the nucleotide make up the backbone of the DNA structure? Phosphate group and deoxyribose sugar Which part of the backbone does the nitrogenous base connect to directly? deoxyribose sugar

9. What is the term we use to describe the overall DNA structure? How many backbones are in the structure? Why does the structure twist?

9. What is the term we use to describe the overall DNA structure? Double helix How many backbones are in the structure? Two backbones Why does the structure twist? Antiparallel sides. (5 prime to 3 prime carbons one side, 3 prime to 5 prime carbons other side)

10. List the 4 types of nitrogenous bases. Show the concept of base pairing between the 4 bases. What type of bond makes base pairing possible?

10. List the 4 types of nitrogenous bases 10. List the 4 types of nitrogenous bases. Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine Show the concept of base pairing between the 4 bases. A  T and C  G What type of bond makes base pairing possible? Hydrogen bonds (weak)

11. Which 2 nitrogen bases are purines? Which 2 nitrogen bases are pyrimidines? Which are bigger: purines or pyrimidines?

11. Which 2 nitrogen bases are purines? Adenine and Guanine Which 2 nitrogen bases are pyrimidines? Cytosine and Thymine Which are bigger: purines or pyrimidines? Purines

12. If an organism has 15% of their nitrogenous bases as thymine, what percentage of the bases are adenine, cytosine, and guanine?

12. If an organism has 15% of their nitrogenous bases as thymine, what percentage of the bases are adenine, cytosine, and guanine? Adenine = 15% (A+T = 30%) Cytosine + Guanine = 70% (100 – 30) Cytosine = 35% Guanine = 35% (half of the 70%)

13. Do all living organisms contain DNA in a double helix/nucleotide form? If so, what would make the difference in what proteins are made by what organisms?

13. Do all living organisms contain DNA in a double helix/nucleotide form? Yes. If so, what would make the difference in what proteins are made by what organisms? The difference is the pattern of nitrogenous bases.

14. Put the following statements in order to describe replication of DNA. Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides form. Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides break. Strands of DNA separate. Free nucleotides are attracted to exposed bases on the loose strands of DNA.

14. Put the following statements in order to describe replication of DNA. Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides break. Strands of DNA separate. Free nucleotides are attracted to exposed bases on the loose strands of DNA. Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides form.

15. What is the function of Helicase in replication of DNA? What about the function of DNA Polymerase?

15. What is the function of Helicase in replication of DNA? Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases (unzips the DNA). What about the function of DNA Polymerase? DNA Polymerase helps attach the new strand of nucleotides to the original strand of nucleotides.

16. During what part of the cell cycle does DNA replicate? In what form is the DNA when it is replicated: chromatin or chromosome?

16. During what part of the cell cycle does DNA replicate? Interphase – S phase In what form is the DNA when it is replicated: chromatin or chromosome? Chromatin (only chromosome during mitosis/meiosis)

17. Chromatin is composed of _____, which are packets of DNA wrapped around a protein called a _________.

17. Chromatin is composed of NUCLEOSOMES, which are packets of DNA wrapped around a protein called a HISTONE.

18. Create a flowchart/concept map using the following terms: Adenine Nitrogenous base Cytosine Nucleotide Deoxyribose Phosphate DNA Purine Guanine Pyrimidine Thymine