2. Taxonomy Study of classifying organisms Binomial Nomenclature Vs (modern) Taxonomy

Binomial Nomenclature Old / used as scientific naming By Carolus Linnaeus (Swedish) Based on shared physical characteristics & homologous (similar) structure, mostly morphology Genus Species 2 kingdoms: plantae & animalia Ex: Homo sapiens

Taxonomy New / used as scientific classification By modern scientists Based on biochemical (DNA), evolutionary (common ancestors) & embryological (embryos) relationships, mostly phylogenetic tree Kingdom phylum class order family genus species 5 kingdom: monera, protista, fimigi, plantae, animalia Ex: Animalia chordate mammal primates hominidae homo sapiens

DNA genetic code / nucleic acid that stores and transmits the genetic information from one generation to the next. double helix which is made up of units called nucleotides. each nucleotide consists of 3 parts: a 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. four nitrogenous bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C). pairing of nitrogenous bases: A-T / C-G (Pg. 142) Replication: DNA double helix separates – two strands – separated strands as a template for RNA and protein synthesis. DNA function: DNA is responsible for the size, shape and function of every protein a cell makes. (All Enzymes are proteins) Protein Synthesis: DNA – template / signal to RNA – messenger RNA / transfer RNA / amino acids – correct sequence (codon = 3 nucleotides in mRNA / GCU, AAU – protein molecules RNA contains the sugar ribose, single-stranded and Uracil (U) instead of thymine

Cell Structure Q: Why do plant cells have cell walls and animal cells don’t?

SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION OVERVIEW Scientists use seven basic levels of classification (1 taxon, 7 taxa) KINGDOM ↓ PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES • Kings Play Chess On Funny Green Squares. • King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti.

Genus name + species name Most taxonomists use a five kingdom system of classification. 1. MONERA 2. PROTISTA 3. FUNGI 4. PLANTAE 5. ANIMALIA NAMING ORGANISMS Scientists name organisms using binomial nomenclature. Genus name + species name The genus name is capitalized. The species name is not capitalized Both names are in italics or underlined.

KINGDOM, PHYLUM, CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY, GENUS, SPECIES

Fungi Plantae Animalia Scientific Classification Overview: Eukaryotes – have nucleus & membrane bound organelles Fungi Plantae Animalia Uni / multicellular - no cellulose - no photosynthesis Multicellular - cellulose - photosynthesis Multicellular - no cell walls - no photosynthesis Ex: Mushrooms Ex: Maple Ex: Human Protista Unicellular / features of both plants & animals Ex: Ameba & Paramecia Prokaryotes – have no nucleus or membrane bound organelles Monera Bacteria / No well-defined internal parts Eubacteria Archaebacteria Unicellular, O2 required for photosynthesis Unicellular, No O2 required for photosynthesis

Phylogenetic Tree Diagram that shows evolutionary relationships of organisms and their ancestors. Ex: 3 4 A 2 B 1 5 C D E Which two modern organisms are likely to be most closely related? What was the most recent common ancestor of organisms 2 and 3? What was the most recent common ancestor of organisms 1 and 5?

Method of Identification Used to quickly identify an organism by professional and amateur biologists The dichotomous key: identifying objects / organisms through a series of paired, contrasting statements until you are directed to the name of the object or organism. Ex: All backboned animals With feathers (birds) Without feathers With hair (mammals) Without hair With fins (fish) Without fins With scales (reptiles) Without scales (amphibians) Ex: Snake (Pg. 300)

This exercise will help you prepare information needed to start your poster project. Use the following key to label the diagram below: A = Kingdom Monera C = Kingdom Fungi D = Kingdom Plantae A1 = Monerans C1 = Molds and Yeasts D1 = Plants B = Kingdom Protista E = Kingdom Animalia B1 = Protistans E1 = Animals

example members of each kingdom. 2. Use your textbook and/or the Internet to list the main characteristics and example members of each kingdom. • Main characteristics of the Kingdom MONERA (procaryotes) Example Monerans: bacteria and blue-green algae • Main characteristics of the Kingdom PROTISTA (single-celled eucaryotes) Example Protists: amebas and diatoms • Main characteristics of the Kingdom FUNGI (cell walls / heterotrophs, no chlorophyll or cellulose) Example Fungi : bread mold and mushrooms • Main characteristics of the Kingdom PLANTAE (multicellular / photosynthetic) Example Plants: mosses, ferns, and plants • Main characteristics of the Kingdom ANIMALIA (multicellular eucaryotes / obtain food mainly by ingestion) Example Animals: human, cats, dogs, etc…