President George H.W. Bush 1989-1993

III.) A New World Order The Main Idea In 1988 Reagan’s vice president, George H.W. Bush, won election to a term that saw dramatic changes in the world.

A.) The Candidates in the Election of 1988 Wealthy, World War II pilot, congressman from Texas, U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, head of the C.I.A., and vice president Republican nomination for president in 1988 George H.W. Bush Major civil rights leader and a liberal candidate who ran for the Democratic Party’s nomination Won the most votes on Super Tuesday and had significant support from both white and black voters Jesse Jackson Governor of Massachusetts who ended up winning the Democratic Party’s nomination Running mate was Texas senator Lloyd Bentsen Michael Dukakis

1.) Outcome Low voter turnout (50.1 percent) Most attribute low turnout to negativity of the campaign. Dukakis challenged Bush on the economy. Bush called Dukakis soft on crime. Bush won with the promise of no new taxes.

B.) The Communist Superpower Collapses Russia’s Boris Yeltsin, the leader of the Russian Republic, helped foil a hard-liners’ coup against Gorbachev in 1991. Beginning in 1990, Soviet republics started declaring their independence. Gorbachev resigned as president and the Soviet Union dissolved. Yeltsin now led the much weaker superpower. Bush and Yeltsin signed arms treaties in 1991 and 1993.

China: Democracy Crushed Panama: A Dictator Falls C.) Global Conflicts China: Democracy Crushed Chinese students called on their Communist leaders to embrace reforms. Led huge pro-democracy demonstrations that filled Tiananmen Square. Tanks surrounded the protesters and opened fire. Hundreds of unarmed people were killed in the Tiananmen Square massacre. Bush announced an arms embargo. Panama: A Dictator Falls Colonel Manuel Noriega was a brutal dictator. The United States tried to indict him for drug smuggling. In 1989 Noriega declared a state of war with the United States. Noriega’s soldiers killed a U.S. marine Bush ordered an invasion of Panama. Troops arrested Noriega and took him to Florida.

South Africa: New Freedom The Persian Gulf War Iraq’s Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in 1990. The attack shocked the United States—who depended on the region’s oil—and other Arab nations. Reports of atrocities by Iraqi troops surfaced. The UN imposed sanctions but the deadline passed. ON January 16, 1991, the U.S.-led force attacked. Operation Desert Storm was a successful, conventional war. South Africa: New Freedom F.W. de Klerk sought a gradual, orderly lifting of apartheid. He released political prisoners, including Nelson Mandela. De Klerk and Mandela worked together to end apartheid. A new constitution was written. Nation’s first all-race elections were held in 1994. Mandela and his African National Congress won. De Klerk and Mandela won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.

D.) Bush and the Economy Recession that began in late 1990 forced Bush to raise taxes. Unemployment & poverty rose significantly Despite his foreign-policy successes, economic troubles at home proved to be Bush’s political downfall.

Bush I to Bush II: The 1990s Post Cold War Unclear foreign policy Who is the enemy now? Focused on domestic issues Gulf War NAFTA New Democrats Balanced Budget Immigration 2000 Election

George I: 1988-1992 Connecticut Family Director of CIA VP to Reagan Invasion of Panama Iranian Revolution and Iran-Iraq War Over 60% of global oil

Middle East Persian Gulf War of 1991 Iraq invaded Kuwait Sent 200,000 troops to Saudi Arabia (Desert Shield) warn Saddam Hussein Increased troops to 430,000 and in February 1991 invaded Iraq to free Kuwait Control of the media, “smart bombs”, and Colin Powell’s “overwhelming force” doctrine

Continued Americans with Disabilities Act Clean Air Act Corporate Mergers Computers, Autos, financial industry Indian Gaming and Regulatory Act, 1988 Indian Casinos 1991 Rodney King, police brutality, and “riots / rebellion” in Los Angeles Police acquitted Over 50 died, $1 billion in damage

Problems in the Persian Gulf Iran: fundamentalist Islamic state, hostile to U.S. interests. Funding terrorist movements. Region large producer of oil. Hezbollah active in Lebanon – responsible for numerous terrorist acts, including taking hostages, bombing of Marine barracks in Oct 1983, and earlier bombing of US embassy in April 83

1980-88: Iran-Iraq War Iraq received more foreign assistance, including official U.S. aid. Both sides attacked Gulf shipping.

U.S. looks to Saudi Arabia as a regional ally. Saudis had influence over other Mid-East nations, and indirectly over Palestinians. supported mujaheddin in Afghanistan Spent money to buy American arms, and allowed U.S. to build bases on Saudi soil.

Attacks on Gulf shipping rise. 1987-88: U.S. Navy deploys to Gulf and Red Sea to protect tanker shipping. Destroys Iranian gunboats and other vessels, missile sites, and attacks bases. Iran responds with mine laying. Worst U.S. goof: shooting down an Iranian airliner. U.S.S. Vincennes – AEGIS cruiser, high-tech air defense vessel.

U.S.S. Stark U.S. frigate fired upon by an Iraqi fighter. Resulted in 37 deaths. War ends in 1988 – Iran accepts UN negotiated ceasefire (partially worried about U.S. intervention) in July. Terrorists bomb Pan Am flight 103 in December.