PROPOSITION AND STATEMENT (Lecture 5)

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PROPOSITION AND STATEMENT (Lecture 5) proposisi adalah hanya bisa bermanfaat jika ada hubungan, hubungan banyak tipenya Instructor M. Saleh S.Ali, Ph.D (Professor) 11/30/2017 MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007 Proposition A proposition is a statement about variables. 1. Univariate Proposition 2. Bivariate Proposition 3. Multivariate Proposition 11/30/2017 MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

Univariate Proposition A univariate proposition is a statement about one variable at a time. Exp. "Most foreign students drink beer at least once a week." Variable: Frequency of beer drinking. Unit of Analysis: Individual, Unhas students. 11/30/2017 MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

Bivariate Proposition A bivariate proposition is a statement about the relation between two variables. Exp. "Males drink beer more often than females." Variables: 1) sex, 2) frequency of beer drinking. 11/30/2017 MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

Multivariate Proposition A multivariate proposition states a complex relation among three or more variables. Exp. "Among non-depressed students, males drink beer more often than females, but among clinically depressed students, males and females drink beer equally often." Variables: 1)sex, 2) frequency of beer drinking, 3) whether clinically depressed or not. 11/30/2017 MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

Structure of Scientific Proposition Concepts : Dependent and independent variables. Relation among variables Informative values of the Proposition. 11/30/2017 MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007 A Theory is developed by arranging propositions into a meaningful order so that construct a system of propositions. The propositions that do not well organized or do not construct a theory, they are only a collection of proposition Constructing a theory has to be based on a strong theoretical foundation. A simple theory has at least two proposition. The more proposition used the more complex of a theory. 11/30/2017 MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007 Propositions: a. K1  K2 b. K3  K4 Proposition (a) and (b) did not developed a theory because they can not connected. They are only a collecting of proposition. Propositions. a. K1  K2 b. K1  K3 c. K3  K4 Propositions of (a), (b), and (c) can be arranged into a system of proposition K1 K2 K4 K3 11/30/2017 MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

Types of Relationships A relationship refers to the correspondence between two variables. Relationship: Correlational relationship simply says that two things perform in synchronized manner. Exp. DM – Hypertension Causal relationship says that occurrence of a things proceeded by other things occurrence. Exp. Stress leads to cardiovascular 11/30/2017 MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

Pattern of Relationships No relationship If the values of one variable did not match with the values of other variable. Exp. Relation between the length of the lifeline on hand and grade point average (GPA) Positive relationship The high (low) values on one variable are associated with high (low) values of other variable. Exp. Salary and Education Negative relationship (Inverse relationship) The high values on one variable are associated with low values of other variable. Paranoia and Self esteem Curvilinear relationship The values of a variable that have negative values but to some point begins to increase again. Exp. Dosage level and severity of illness. 11/30/2017 MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007 No Relationship Lifeline GPA 11/30/2017 MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

Positive Relationship + Salary - - + Years of education 11/30/2017 MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

Negative Relationship + Paranoid - - Self esteem + 11/30/2017 MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

Curvilinear Relationship + Prod + Severity of illness - - + - + - Fertilizer Dosage level 11/30/2017 MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007 Power of Relationship The power of relationship is indicated by a Coefficient of Correlation (value : 0 – 1) Value of coef. correlation 0 - 0.20 = no correlation 0.21 – 0.40 = weak correlation 0.41 - 0.60 = moderate correlation 0.61 - 0.80 = strong correlation 0.81 - 1.00 = very strong correlation 11/30/2017 MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

Nature of Relationship Reversible and irreversible REVERSIBLE: if X then Y; and if Y then X X  Y; Y  X Contoh: Jika laki-laki  penis Jika punya penis  laki-laki IRREVERSIBLE: if X then Y; but if Y then ? X  Y; Y  ? Contoh : Jika coklat dipangkas  produksi naik Jika prod naik  blm tentu krn pemakasan 2. Deterministic and stochastic DETERMINISTIC: If X, then always Y X –always Y Contoh: Jika kualitas air jelek SELALU produksi turun STOCHASTIC: if X, then probably Y X –probably  Y Contoh : Jika demam KEMUNGKINAN influenza 11/30/2017 MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

Nature of Relationship 3. Sufficient and Contingent Sufficient : if X, then Y no other condition X –no other condition Y Contoh: Jika pembuluh darah di daerah jantung tersumbat  serangan jantung Contingent : if X, then Y but only if Z X –only if Z  Y Contoh: jika temperatur naik, tekanan akan naik jika volume gas konstan. 11/30/2017 MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007 Statement Statement is used to describe or explain the “real world” Types of Statement: Existence Statements Relational Statements -------------------------------------------------------- Logical Statements= a priori true or false, based on logical analysis. Empirical= statements whose truth is tested a posteriori—i.e., by observations of the “real world.” 11/30/2017 MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007 Existence Statements Existence statements is a statement that describe the state of existence of a subject or phenomena. Exp. “that object is a chair” “that chair is brown” “Mrs Dewi has white skin color” “blood is red” “that person has a high SQ test score” Existence statements consist of a concept, identified by a term, is applied to an object or phenomena. 11/30/2017 MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007 Existence Statements Existence statements can be more complex and still retain their basic form Exp. If (a) there are two or more individuals in group X, (b) each individual can talk to every other individual on a personal basis in group X, and (c) each individual can form a distinct personal impression of every other individual in group X, Then the group is a small face-to face group. 11/30/2017 MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

Relational Statements Relational statements is a statement that describe a relationship between concepts Exp. If a person has high cognitive representation score then his/her blood pressure increase. The heart of scientific knowledge is expressed in relational statements Relational statements can be categorized into: Associational statement Causal statement 11/30/2017 MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007 Logical Statements A logical statement is one whose truth is tested by logical analysis. A logical statement is a priori true or a priori false. For example, “ bachelors are unmarried” 11/30/2017 MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007 Empirical Statements Empirical statements are statements whose truth is tested a posteriori. They are statements about the “real world,” about observations we have made or can make. For example, “Some bachelors are taller than 6 feet.” This statement is a posteriori true, because we have measured the heights of human males who were never married and found some who were this tall. 11/30/2017 MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007