11 The Urinary System

Multimedia Directory Slide 10 Urinary System Animation Slide 44 Kidney Stone Video Slide 51 Renal Failure Video Slide 85 Urinalysis Video

Learning Objectives Define and spell the word parts used to create terms for the urinary system. Break down and define common medical terms used for symptoms, diseases, disorders, procedures, treatments, and devices associated with the urinary system. continued on next slide

Learning Objectives Build medical terms from the word parts associated with the urinary system. Pronounce and spell common medical terms associated with the urinary system.

Word Parts albumin/o blast/o glomerul/o gluc/o glyc/o, glycos/o meat/o nephr/o albumin/o = albumin (a protein) blast/o = germ, bud, developing cell glomerul/o = little ball; glomerulus gluc/o, glyc/o, glycos/o = sweet, sugar meat/o = opening, passage nephr/o = kidney continued on next slide

Word Parts pyel/o ren/o ureter/o urethr/o ur/o, urin/o pyel/o = renal pelvis ren/o = kidney ureter/o = ureter urethr/o = urethra ur/o, urin/o = urine

Anatomy and Physiology Functions as the sanitation engineer of the body Removes unwanted waste materials and recycles other materials Contains the kidneys, which filter gallons of fluids from the bloodstream every day

Anatomy and Physiology Removes metabolic wastes, toxins, excess ions, and water that leave the body as urine Regulates blood pressure, pH within body fluids, water and salt concentrations, and red blood cell production

Figure 11. 1 Organs of the urinary system Figure 11.1 Organs of the urinary system. This illustration is an anterior view of a female with the abdominal wall and digestive organs removed.

Urinary System Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the urinary system. The animation may take a moment before playing. Back to Directory

Figure 11.2 The kidney. This illustration of a sectioned kidney reveals its internal features.

Figure 11.3 The nephron. The nephron is the basic subunit of each kidney.

Pathophysiology Bacteria and viruses are sometimes able to gain entry into the internal organs from the meatus. They are capable of spreading through the urinary tract, bringing disease to the kidneys and beyond.

Pathophysiology Other sources of disease may afflict the urinary system, including tumors, stones, inherited disorders, and cardiovascular disease. Urine testing provides a convenient means for testing general health. continued on next slide

Pathophysiology Urology Urologist Internal Medicine Renal Medicine Nephrology Nephrologist nephr/o = kidney -logy = study or science of Urology: Branch of medicine focused on diseases and disorders of the urinary tract Urologist: Physician specializing in urology Nephrology: Branch of medicine focused on diseases and disorders of the kidney Nephrologist: Physician specializing in nephrology

Signs and Symptoms: Word Parts Prefixes an- dia- dys- poly- Prefixes an- = without or absence of dia- = through dys- = bad, abnormal, painful, or difficult poly- = excessive, over, or many

Signs and Symptoms: Word Parts Combining forms albumin/o azot/o bacteri/o glycos/o hem/o, hemat/o Combining forms albumin/o = albumin (a protein) azot/o = urea, nitrogen bacteri/o = bacteria glycos/o = sweet, sugar hemat/o = blood hem/o = blood continued on next slide

Signs and Symptoms: Word Parts Combining forms ket/o, keton/o noct/o olig/o protein/o py/o ket/o, keton/o = ketone noct/o = night olig/o = few in number protein/o = protein py/o = pus

Signs and Symptoms: Word Parts Suffixes -emia -uresis -uria Suffixes -emia = condition of blood -uresis = urination -uria = pertaining to urine, urination

Signs and Symptoms of the Urinary System Urinalysis Albuminuria Anuria an- = without -uria = urination Urinalysis: A clinical procedure that examines the composition of urine using a variety of tests, including microscopy Albuminuria: The presence of the protein albumin in the urine Anuria: The inability to pass urine

Signs and Symptoms of the Urinary System Azotemia Bacteriuria Azotemia: Abnormally high levels of urea and other nitrogen-containing compounds in the blood Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine

Signs and Symptoms of the Urinary System Diuresis Dysuria Glycosuria Hematuria Diuresis: the excessive discharge of urine; also called polyuria Dysuria: Difficult or painful urination Glycosuria: The presence of glucose in the urine [Glycosuria – (glycos/o – sweet, sugar) (-uria – urine)] Hematuria: The presence of blood in the urine

Figure 11.4 Hematuria. An analysis of urine is performed to evaluate kidney function. In this illustration, the beaker contains urine that is red, indicating the sign of blood within the urine, which is confirmed by microscopic analysis.

Signs and Symptoms of the Urinary System Ketonuria Nocturia Oliguria Polyuria Ketonuria: The presence of ketone bodies in the urine Nocturia: The need to wake up and urinate at night Oliguria: A reduction in urination Polyuria: Excessive urination; also known as diuresis

Signs and Symptoms of the Urinary System Proteinuria Pyuria Proteinuria: The presence of any protein in the urine Pyuria: The presence of pus in urine

Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts Prefixes an- dia- dys- en- epi- hypo- poly- Prefixes an- = without or absence of dia- = through dys- = bad, abnormal, painful, or difficult en- = within, upon, on, or over epi- = upon, over, above, or on top hypo- = deficient, abnormally low, below poly- = excessive, over, or many

Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts Combining forms albumin/o azot/o bacteri/o blast/o cyst/o glomerul/o Combining forms albumin/o = albumin (a protein) azot/o = urea, nitrogen bacteri/o = bacteria blast/o = germ, bud, developing cell cyst/o = bladder, sac glomerul/o = little ball; glomerulus continued on next slide

Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts Combining forms hemat/o hydr/o ket/o, keton/o lith/o nephr/o olig/o hemat/o = blood hydr/o = water ket/o, keton/o = ketone lith/o = stone nephr/o = kidney olig/o = few in number continued on next slide

Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts Combining forms py/o pyel/o ren/o spadias/o sten/o py/o = pus pyel/o = renal pelvis ren/o = kidney spadias/o = rip, tear sten/o = narrow continued on next slide

Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts Combining forms ur/o ureter/o urethr/o ur/o = urine ureter/o = ureter urethr/o = urethra

Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts Suffixes -al -cele -emia -ia -iasis -ic Suffixes -al = pertaining to -cele = hernia, swelling, or protrusion -emia = condition of blood -ia = condition of -iasis = condition of -ic = pertaining to continued on next slide

Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts Suffixes -itis -megaly -oma -osis -pathy -itis = inflammation -megaly = abnormally large -oma = tumor -osis = condition of -pathy = disease continued on next slide

Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts Suffixes -ptosis -sis -uresis -ptosis = drooping -sis = state of -uresis = urination

Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System Acute kidney injury (AKI) Cystitis Urethrocystitis Cystocele Cystolith urethr/o = urethra cyst/o = bladder Acute kidney injury (AKI): Formerly acute renal failure; rapid-onset disease of the kidneys resulting in a failure to produce urine Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder Urethrocystitis: Inflammation of the urethra and bladder Cystocele: Herniation of the urinary bladder Cystolith: A stone in the urinary bladder -itis = inflammation

Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) Renal failure Enuresis Nocturnal enuresis Epispadias End-stage kidney disease: Failure of both kidneys to form urine from any cause, producing symptoms of nausea, lethargy, itching, mental confusion, and fluid retention (edema); also called renal failure Enuresis: The involuntary release of urine, which usually occurs due to a lack of bladder control Nocturnal enuresis: The involuntary release of urine while sleeping Epispadias: A congenital defect resulting in the abnormal positioning of the urinary meatus

Figure 11. 5 Epispadias and hypospadias Figure 11.5 Epispadias and hypospadias. In the male, epispadias is an abnormally placed opening of the urethra on the dorsal side of the penis (left), and in hypospadias, the opening is on the underside (ventral) of the penis (right).

Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System Glomerulonephropathy Glomerulonephritis Hydronephrosis hydr/o = water nephr/o = kidney Glomerulonephropathy: Any disease of the glomeruli Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidneys Hydronephrosis: Occurs when exit of urine from the kidneys becomes blocked and backs up, causing distension of the renal pelvis -osis = state of

Figure 11. 6 Hydronephrosis Figure 11.6 Hydronephrosis. Normal kidney (left) and kidney with hydronephrosis (right) are compared. Note the distension (swelling) of the renal pelvis. In this illustration, the distension was caused by the constriction of the ureter, causing urine to back up in the renal pelvis.

Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System Hypospadias Incontinence Stress incontinence Hypospadias: Congenital defect in which the urinary meatus has shifted dorsally. Incontinence: The involuntary discharge of urine Stress incontinence: The involuntary discharge of urine during a cough, sneeze, or strained movement

Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System Nephritis Nephroblastoma Wilms' tumor nephr/o = kidney blast/o = developing cell -oma = tumor Nephritis: Inflammation of a kidney Nephroblastoma: A tumor originating from kidney tissue that includes developing embryonic cells Wilms' tumor: Another name for nephroblastoma

Figure 11. 7 Nephroblastoma Figure 11.7 Nephroblastoma. A sectioned kidney reveals the presence of a very large tumor, which arose from fetal cells during development. A newborn with nephroblastoma is illustrated to show the location and relative size of the tumor.

Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System Nephrolithiasis Renal calculi Nephroma Nephrolithiasis: The presence of one or more stones within a kidney Renal calculi: An alternate term for nephrolithiasis Nephroma: A general term for a tumor arising from kidney tissue

Figure 11. 8 Nephrolithiasis Figure 11.8 Nephrolithiasis. Stones, or calculi, may form in several areas within the urinary tract. When they form in the kidney, they usually arise within the renal pelvis to form the condition nephrolithiasis. Kidney stones may dislocate to form obstructions in the ureter, urinary bladder, or urethra, usually at their junctions.

Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of kidney stones. Kidney Stone Video Kidney stones, also called nephroliths, are deposits of mineral salts called calculi. In the kidney, these stones can pass into the ureter, irritate kidney tissue and block urine flow. Kidney stones are one of the most common and painful disorders of the urinary tract. Approximately 10 percent of people in the United States will have a kidney stone at some point in their lives. A person with a family history of kidney stones may be more likely to develop stones. Most frequently, the cause of kidney stones is hypercalciuria, where calcium is absorbed from food in excess and is lost into the urine. Urinary tract infections, kidney disorders, and metabolic disorders such as hyperparathyroidism, are also linked to stone formation. Most kidney stones pass out of the body without any intervention by a physician. Stones that cause lasting symptoms or other complications may be treated by various techniques, most of which do not involve major surgery. People with a history of kidney stones should drink enough fluid to produce at least two quarts of urine daily. People prone to forming calcium oxalate stones may need to cut back on food and drink that contain oxalate, such as cola, coffee, tea, chocolate, spinach, strawberries, and beets. Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of kidney stones. Back to Directory

Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System Nephromegaly Nephropathy Diabetic nephropathy Hypertensive nephropathy Drug-induced nephropathy Nephroptosis Floating kidney Nephromegaly: Abnormal enlargement of a kidney Nephropathy: Severe condition of a kidney that leads to end-stage kidney disease; diabetic nephropathy, hypertensive nephropathy, and drug-induced nephropathy are the most common. Nephroptosis: The condition of a drooped position of a kidney Floating kidney: An alternate term for nephroptosis

Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System Polycystic kidney disease Pyelitis Pyelonephritis Polycystic kidney disease: A kidney condition characterized by the presence of numerous cysts (fluid-filled capsules) occupying much of the kidney tissue Pyelitis: Inflammation of the renal pelvis Pyelonephritis: An inflammatory condition of the renal pelvis and nephrons

Figure 11. 9 Polycystic kidney disease Figure 11.9 Polycystic kidney disease. Notice the presence of numerous fluid-filled sacs, or cysts, in these kidneys, which were removed from a patient who died of renal failure. Source: Courtesy of Dr. Edwin P. Ewing, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Image Library, Atlanta, GA.

Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System Stricture Ureteral stricture Urethral stricture Ureterovesical stricture Stricture: A condition of abnormal narrowing Ureteral stricture: Narrowing of a ureter Urethral stricture: Narrowing of the urethra Ureterovesical stricture: Narrowing at the junction of the ureter and bladder

Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System Stenosis Ureterostenosis Uremia Ureteritis Stenosis: Narrowing Ureterostenosis: Ureteral stricture or narrowing Uremia: An excess of urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood Ureteritis: Inflammation of a ureter

Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System ureter/o = ureter Ureterocele Ureterolithiasis Urinary retention Urinary tract infection (UTI) lith/o = stone -iasis = condition of Ureterocele: A herniated ureter Ureterolithiasis: The presence of one or more stones, or calculi, within a ureter Urinary retention: The abnormal accumulation of urine within the urinary bladder that results from an inability to void Urinary suppression: Acute stoppage of urine formation by the kidneys Acute renal failure: Cessation of kidney function Urinary tract infection (UTI): Infection of urinary organs, usually the urethra and urinary bladder

Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of renal failure. Renal Failure Video There are two types of renal, or kidney failure: acute and chronic. Acute renal failure is the sudden loss of kidney function that develops as a result of an injury or damage to the body in general, or the kidneys in particular. Acute renal failure is caused by a blockage of urine flow out of the kidneys and into the bladder, exposure to certain drugs and/or toxic substances, or significant loss of blood, or a sudden drop in blood flow to the kidneys. Kidneys that have preexisting disease or damage are at higher risk for acute renal failure. Signs and symptoms include confusion, drowsiness, decreased urine output, Kussmaul breathing, dyspnea, tachypnea, and coma. Acute renal failure is a very serious condition with a mortality rate in excess of 50 percent. Chronic renal failure develops over a much longer period of time, as nephrons lose their ability to function and are replaced by scar tissue. Usually this takes place over the course of many years. In the early stages, there may be no symptoms and progression may be so gradual that symptoms do not occur until kidney function is less than one-tenth of normal. Diabetes and hypertension are the two most common causes that account for approximately two thirds of case of chronic renal failure. The goal of treatment for all renal failure is to identify and treat any reversible causes, as well as preventing excess accumulation of fluids and wastes while allowing the kidneys to heal and gradually resume their normal function. In some cases, dialysis may be necessary. Dialysis is a method of removing toxic substances from the blood when the kidneys are unable to do so. Some patients may require a renal transplant to implant a healthy kidney into a patient with kidney disease or kidney failure. Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of renal failure. Back to Directory

Figure 11. 10 Urinary tract infection Figure 11.10 Urinary tract infection. A UTI is characterized by fever, lumbar or abdominal pain, and pain or burning during urination. A diagnosis may be confirmed in a urine exam that reveals the presence of bacteria (bacteriuria) and white blood cells (pyuria).

Treatments, Procedures, Devices: Word Parts Prefixes a- dia- Prefixes a- = without, absence of dia- = through

Treatments, Procedures, Devices: Word Parts Combining forms cyst/o hem/o, hemat/o lith/o meat/o nephr/o Combining forms cyst/o = bladder, sac hem/o, hemat/o = blood lith/o = stone meat/o = opening, passage nephr/o = kidney continued on next slide

Treatments, Procedures, Devices: Word Parts Combining forms peritone/o pyel/o ren/o son/o tom/o peritone/o = to stretch over, peritoneum pyel/o = renal pelvis ren/o = kidney son/o = sound tom/o = to cut continued on next slide

Treatments, Procedures, Devices: Word Parts Combining forms ureter/o urethr/o ur/o, urin/o vesic/o ureter/o = ureter urethr/o = urethra ur/o, urin/o = urine vesic/o = bladder

Treatments, Procedures, Devices: Word Parts Suffixes -al -ectomy -gram -graphy -logy -lysis Suffixes -al = pertaining to -ectomy = surgical excision or removal -gram = a record or image -graphy = recording process -logy = study or science of -lysis = loosen or dissolve continued on next slide

Treatments, Procedures, Devices: Word Parts Suffixes -meter -pexy -plasty -rrhaphy -scopy -meter = measure, measuring instrument -pexy = surgical fixation, suspension -plasty = surgical repair -rrhaphy = suturing -scopy = process of viewing continued on next slide

Treatments, Procedures, Devices: Word Parts Suffixes -stomy -tomy -tripsy -stomy = surgical creation of an opening -tomy = incision or to cut -tripsy = surgical crushing

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) Creatinine Cystectomy Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): A clinical lab test that measures urea concentration in a sample of blood to check kidney function Creatinine: A protein that is a normal component of urine and is a by-product of muscle metabolism Cystectomy: Surgical removal of the urinary bladder

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System Cystography Cystogram Cystoureterography Cystoureterogram Cystography: An x-ray procedure producing an image of the urinary bladder Cystogram: The x-ray image produced by cystography Cystoureterography: An x-ray procedure producing an image of the urinary bladder and ureters Cystoureterogram: The x-ray image produced by cystoureterography

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System Cystourethrography Cystourethrogram Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) Cystourethrography: The x-ray procedure producing an image of the urinary bladder and urethra Cystourethrogram: The x-ray image produced by cystourethrography Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG): The x-ray procedure in which films are taken before, during, and after urination to observe bladder function

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System Cystolithotomy Cystoplasty Cystorrhaphy Cystolithotomy: A procedure in which an incision is made through the urinary bladder wall to remove a stone Cystoplasty: Surgical repair of the urinary bladder Cystorrhaphy: Suturing of the urinary bladder wall

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System Cystoscopy Cystostomy Cystotomy Vesicotomy cyst/o = bladder -stomy = surgical creation of an opening Cystoscopy: A diagnostic procedure using a modified endoscope to view the interior of the urinary bladder Cystostomy: The surgical creation of an artificial opening into the urinary bladder Cystotomy: An incision through the urinary bladder wall Vesicotomy: An alternative term for cystotomy

Figure 11.11 Cystoscopy. In this procedure, a specialized endoscope with a rigid tube, known as a cystoscope, is used to view the internal environment of the urinary bladder. As shown, the cystoscope may be outfitted to include surgical devices to remove tumors or stones.

Figure 11.12 Cystostomy. An artificial opening is made through the urinary bladder wall during this procedure. As the illustration suggests, it is often performed to enable a patient to bypass obstructions for voiding.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System Fulguration Hemodialysis Fulguration: A surgical procedure that destroys living tissue with an electric current; commonly used to remove tumors and polyps from the interior wall of the bladder Hemodialysis: A procedure performed to remove nitrogenous wastes and excess ions that accumulate during normal body metabolism artificially, temporarily replacing the function of kidney filtration for patients with kidney disease or kidney failure

Figure 11.13 Hemodialysis. The process of hemodialysis replaces the kidney function of blood filtration by forcing blood from the patient through cellophane membranes, as shown in this schematic.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System Lithotripsy Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) Lithotripsy: A surgical technique that applies concentrated sound waves to pulverize stones into smaller pieces that can pass with urine through the urethra Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL): Ultrasonic energy from a source outside the body used to break up large stones

continued on next slide Figure 11.14a Lithotripsy. ESWL uses fluoroscopy (above the patient) to view progress. The stones are pulverized by ultrasonic shock waves from below the patient. Photo Source: Carolina K. Smith MD/Shutterstock. continued on next slide

Figure 11.14b Lithotripsy. Illustration of lithotripsy, during (left) and after (right) the procedure. Source: Alexonlne/Shutterstock.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System Nephrectomy Nephrography Nephrogram Nephrectomy: A surgical procedure that removes a kidney Nephrography: An x-ray technique that produces an image of a kidney Nephrogram: The x-ray image obtained from nephrography

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System Nephrology Nephrologist Nephrolysis nephr/o = kidney -lysis = loosen Nephrology: The medical field that studies and treats disorders associated with the kidneys Nephrologist: A physician who specializes in nephrology Nephrolysis: Surgery that removes abnormal adhesions from a kidney, loosening the organ

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System Nephropexy Nephroscopy Nephroscope Nephrosonography Nephropexy: Surgical fixation of a kidney Nephroscopy: Visualization of a kidney with the use of an endoscope Nephroscope: Endoscopic device used to view a kidney Nephrosonography: Ultrasound images of the kidney for diagnostic analysis

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System Nephrostomy Pyelostomy Nephrotomography Nephrotomogram nephr/o = kidney tom/o = to cut Nephrostomy: A procedure that surgically creates an opening into the kidney Pyelostomy: An alternative term for nephrostomy Nephrotomography: A diagnostic procedure that images the kidney with sectional x-rays to observe internal details of kidney structure Nephrotomogram: The image obtained from nephrotomography -graphy = recording process

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System Peritoneal dialysis Peritoneal dialysis: Artificial filtration as a cleansing treatment to compensate for kidney failure by processing fluids from the peritoneal cavity rather than directly from the bloodstream

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System Pyelogram Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) Retrograde pyelogram (RP) pyel/o = renal pelvis Pyelogram: An x-ray image of the renal pelvis Intravenous pyelogram (IVP): An x-ray image of the renal pelvis enhanced by injection of intravenous iodinated contrast medium Retrograde pyelogram (RP): Injection of contrast medium into the ureter using a cystoscope; as x-rays are taken, contrast moves in a retrograde fashion -gram = a record

Figure 11. 15 Retrograde pyelogram Figure 11.15 Retrograde pyelogram. A contrast medium is injected into the ureter using a cystoscope, and the x-ray moves in a direction opposite from the norm, producing the image that is shown. It serves to highlight the internal features of the renal pelvis and ureters. Source: CNRI/Science Source.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System Pyelolithotomy Pyeloplasty Renal transplant Pyelolithotomy: Surgery performed to remove a stone from the renal pelvis Pyeloplasty: Surgical repair of the renal pelvis Renal transplant: Replacement of a dysfunctional kidney with a donor kidney

Figure 11. 16 Renal transplant Figure 11.16 Renal transplant. A transplanted kidney is placed within the pelvic cavity below the location of the kidney requiring replacement.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System Renography Renogram Specific gravity (SG) Renography: An exam that uses nuclear medicine by exposing the patient's kidneys to radioactive materials Renogram: The record of a renography Specific gravity (SG): The measurement of the density of substances in a liquid compared to water

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System Ureterectomy Ureterostomy Ureterotomy Ureterectomy: The surgical removal of a ureter Ureterostomy: The surgical creation of an opening from the ureter to the body surface Ureterotomy: An incision into the wall of a ureter

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System Urethropexy Urethroplasty Urethrostomy Urethrotomy ureth/o = urethra -plasty = surgical repair Urethropexy: Surgical fixation of the urethra Urethroplasty: Surgical repair of the urethra Urethrostomy: Surgical creation of an opening through the urethra Urethrotomy: Incision into the wall of the urethra

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System Urinalysis (UA) Catheter Urinary catheter Urinary catheterization Urinalysis (UA): A combination of clinical lab tests that are performed on a urine specimen Catheter: A flexible tube that is inserted into an opening of the body to transport fluids in or out Urinary catheter: Usually inserted through the urethra to enter the urinary bladder Urinary catheterization: The process of inserting a urinary catheter

Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of urinalysis. Urinalysis Video This plastic strip contains chemicals implanted on it that will change color when dipped in urine. You can compare the color changes to the ones on strips container to determine whether or not you have a normal value. Reagent strip tests are available for pH, protein, glucose, ketones, blood, bilirubin, nitrate, leukocytes, specific gravity, and others. Remember that the strips should never touch the side of the container when comparing it to the color chart, because this will contaminate the container. Also, the reaction times after you moisten the strip with urine are pretty short, but you'll have enough time to record your readings. After you're done with the reagent strips, make sure that you discard them in the hazardous waste container. Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of urinalysis. Back to Directory

Figure 11.17 Urinalysis. During a simple urinalysis, a stick with colored blocks is dipped into a urine specimen. Color changes in the blocks are noted and compared to a known standard. Source: Max Tactic/Fotolia.

continued on next slide Figure 11.18a Urinary catheterization. The procedure involves the insertion of a flexible tube, or catheter, through the urethra and into the urinary bladder. Voiding occurs through the catheter and is collected in a plastic bag adjacent to the patient. Catheterization of a female patient. continued on next slide

Figure 11. 18b Urinary catheterization Figure 11.18b Urinary catheterization. The procedure involves the insertion of a flexible tube, or catheter, through the urethra and into the urinary bladder. Voiding occurs through the catheter and is collected in a plastic bag adjacent to the patient. Catheterization of a male patient.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System Urinary endoscopy Meatoscope Nephroscope Urethroscope Cystoscope Urinary endoscopy: The procedural use of an endoscope to observe internal structures of the urinary system Meatoscope: A viewing device inserted into the urinary meatus Nephroscope: An endoscope used to view a kidney Urethroscope: An endoscope used to view the urethra Cystoscope: An endoscope used to view the bladder

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System Urology Urologist Vesicourethral suspension Urology: Medical field specializing in disorders of the urinary system Urologist: Physician who specializes in urology Vesicourethral suspension: A surgery that is performed to stabilize the position of the urinary bladder

Abbreviations of the Urinary System AKI BUN cath ESKD ESWL HD IVP RP AKI: acute kidney injury BUN: blood urea nitrogen cath: catheter, catheterization ESKD: end-stage kidney disease ESWL = extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy HD: hemodialysis IVP: intravenous pyelogram RP: retrograde pyelogram continued on next slide

Abbreviations of the Urinary System SG UA UTI VCUG SG: specific gravity UA: urinalysis UTI: urinary tract infection VCUG: voiding cystourethrogram

Combining Form Quiz nephr/o cyst/o olig/o glycos/o azot/o few in number sweet, sugar urea kidney bladder nephr/o answer is d. cyst/o answer is e. olig/o answer is a. glycos/o answer is b. azot/o answer is c.