Innate and Learned Behavior IB BIOLOGY HL Option A.4 Innate and Learned Behavior

Innate Behavior Inherited from parents Develops independently of environment Spider web Wasp nests Simple birdsong Sucking in human infants Three-spined stickle-back fish mating behavior

Innate Behavior in Invertebrates Taxis- Direct response to a stimulus Move toward stimulus (+) Move away (-) Chemotaxis- response to chemicals Phototaxis- response to light Gravitaxis- response to gravity Rheotaxis- response to water current Thigmotaxis- response to touch

Planaria and Euglena Planaria- Flatworm lives in lakes and ponds Negatively phototaxic Positively chemotaxic to food it likes Euglena- Single celled protist Positively phototaxic (autotrophic) Moves with flagellum

Kinesis Movement in response to non-directional stimulus Orthokinesis- Environment not suitable? Moves rapidly but with no direction Environment suitable? Slows movement down Orthokinesis- organism moves slowly or rapidly in response to a stimulus- no direction Klinokinesis- Organism turns slowly or rapidly- no direction

Reflexes Stimulus and response Pain of bee sting Involuntary Controlled by autonomic nervous system Also controls blood pressure and digestion

Reflex Arc Composed of receptor cell, sensory neuron, relay neuron, & motor neuron Protective Pupil reflex protects eye from light Blink reflex-protects eye from damage Sneezing- clears nasal passages

Reflex Arc, cont. Pathway: Receptor cellsnerve impulse to sensory neuronspinal cordchemical message to relay neuronsynapses with motor neuronimpulse to effector for response

Reflex Conditioning Classical conditioning: Pavlov: Modification of reflex response UCS- unconditioned stimulus UCR- unconditioned response NS- neutral stimulus CS- conditioned stimulus CR- conditioned response Pavlov: Russian physiologist Used dogs for test subjects Salivation experiments https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqumfpxuzI

Learned Behavior Not genetically programmed Result of experience Acquisition of new knowledge that you did not originally possess Tying shoes, riding bikes Learning measured by performance A change in performance that is stored as memory Table 12.13- Fill out on provided chart

Imprinting Konrad Lorenz Ethologist- studied animal behavior under natural conditions Worked with goslings Followed their mother everywhere in first stages of life Critical period; 13-16 hours after hatching Rapid learning where a young animal develops an attraction and recognition of another moving object- usually the mother Animals can imprint on animate (mother) and inanimate(model train) objects https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ihh1xBXwt_0

Operant Conditioning 1930s B.F. Skinner Skinner box https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA

Learning Acquisition of skill or knowledge Memorization Phase Birdsong Sing using syrinx: vocal organ at top of trachea Males are born with “crude template” of song, but must perfect it by being exposed to other male birds of same species Must hear own song in first 100 days Memorization Phase Crude template Template matched to song heard Exact template Motor Phase Song output hears own song Song matched to template Sings more or less accurate copy of song heard

Memory Encoding- Elaborative- Acoustic- Sensation- Semantic- Visual- Mental pictures Elaborative- Relating new info to old info Acoustic- Encoding of sound Sensation- Touch, smell and taste Semantic- Mnemonic devices- ROYGBIV

Storage of Memory Storage- Maintain knowledge for a period of time Neuron level- an increase in number of signals leads to an increase of connection “practice makes perfect” Forgetting occurs because of weakness of connection

Accessing Memory Accessing- Retrieval of stored memories STM or LTM STM-small amount of information, short period of time LTM- Memory held for long periods of time Actual physical change in neural network With repeated use- brain circuits are strengthened

Memory, cont. Methods for retrieving memory- Recognition- association of physical object with something already experienced Recall- remembering fact, object, or event not currently present More complicated Ex. Multiple choice tests vs. essay Recognition can be used to help Recall- essay tests more difficult, all info must be recalled from memory LTMSTMLTM gets stronger