The Language Of Medicine 11th edition Davi-Ellen Chabner

Chapter 1 Basic Word Structure Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, 2007 b Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.   2

Chapter Goals Identify basic objectives to guide your study of the medical language. Divide medical words into their component parts. Learn the meanings of basic combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes of the medical language. Use these combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes to build medical words. Analyze words by dividing them into component parts. Relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the human body. Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems.

Chapter 1 Lesson 1.1

Objectives in Studying The Medical Language Analyze words by dividing them into component parts. Relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the human body. Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems.

QUICK QUIZ: All medical terms have: A. a combining vowel B. two roots C. a suffix D. a prefix The correct answer is C: all medical terms have a suffix.

QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d) Which element appears at the beginning of a medical term? A. Suffix B. Prefix C. Combining vowel D. Combining form The correct answer is B: the prefix is the element that appears at the beginning of a medical term.

Word Analysis HEMAT/O/LOGY

Word Analysis (cont’d) HEMAT/O/LOGY    root  suffix combining vowel hemat means blood -logy means process of study

Word Analysis (cont’d) Important elements: Root: foundation of the word Suffix: word ending Prefix: small part attached to the beginning of a term Combining vowel: vowel (usually o) that links the root to the suffix or the root to another root Combining form: root + combining vowel A combining vowel has no meaning of its own.

Word Analysis (cont’d) ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM

Word Analysis (cont’d) ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM      root  root  suffix combining vowels electr means electricity cardi means heart -gram means record

Word Analysis (cont’d)

Word Analysis (cont’d) gastr means stomach -itis means inflammation Note: Drop combining vowel when suffix starts with a vowel (as in “itis”)

Word Analysis (cont’d) GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY

Word Analysis (cont’d) GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY      root  root  suffix combining vowels gastr means stomach enter means intestines -logy means process of study

Word Analysis (cont’d) THREE General Rules: READ the meaning of medical terms from the suffix back to the beginning of the term and across DROP the combining vowel (usually o) before a suffix beginning with a vowel: gastritis not “gastroitis” KEEP the combining vowel between two roots: gastroenterology not “gastrenterology” When a term contains two or more roots related to parts of the body, what often determines which root is listed first? (Anatomical position)

Word Analysis (cont’d) HYPO/GASTR/IC

Word Analysis (cont’d) HYPO/GASTR/IC    prefix root suffix hypo- means below gastr means stomach -ic means pertaining to

Word Analysis (cont’d) EPI/GASTR/IC

Word Analysis (cont’d) EPI/GASTR/IC    prefix root suffix epi- means above gastr means stomach -ic means pertaining to

Combining Forms aden/o _________ arthr/o _________ bi/o _________ carcin/o _________ cardi/o _________ Combining Form Meaning

Combining Forms (cont’d) Combining Form Meaning aden/o gland arthr/o joint bi/o life carcin/o cancerous, cancer cardi/o heart

QUICK QUIZ: 3. Which term means inflammation of the gland? Arthritis Adenitis Adenoma Cephalic The correct answer is B: adenitis.

Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning cephal/o _________ cerebr/o _________ cis/o _________ crin/o _________ cyst/o _________

Combining Forms (cont’d) Combining Form Meaning cephal/o head cerebr/o cerebrum cis/o to cut crin/o to secrete cyst/o urinary bladder

Combining Forms (cont’d) Combining Form Meaning cyt/o _________ derm/o or dermat/o _________ electr/o _________ encephal/o _________ enter/o _________

Combining Forms (cont’d) Combining Form Meaning cyt/o cell derm/o or dermat/o skin electr/o electricity encephal/o brain enter/o intestines

QUICK QUIZ: Which term means study of cells? Cystoscopy Cystitis Cytology Hematology The correct answer is C: cytology.

Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning erythr/o _________ gastr/o _________ glyc/o _________ gnos/o _________ gynec/o _________ hemat/o or hem/o _________

Combining Forms (cont’d) Combining Form Meaning erythr/o red gastr/o stomach glyc/o sugar gnos/o knowledge gynec/o woman, female hemat/o or hem/o blood

Combining Forms (cont’d) Combining Form Meaning hepat/o _________ iatr/o _________ leuk/o _________ log/o _________ nephr/o _________ neur/o _________

Combining Forms (cont’d) Combining Form Meaning hepat/o liver iatr/o treatment, physician leuk/o white log/o study of nephr/o kidney neur/o nerve

Combining Forms (cont’d) Combining Form Meaning onc/o _________ ophthalm/o _________ oste/o _________ path/o _________ ped/o _________

Combining Forms (cont’d) Combining Form Meaning onc/o tumor ophthalm/o eye oste/o bone path/o disease ped/o child

Combining Forms (cont’d) Combining Form Meaning psych/o _________ radi/o _________ ren/o _________ rhin/o _________ sarc/o _________

Combining Forms (cont’d) Combining Form Meaning psych/o mind radi/o x-rays ren/o kidney rhin/o nose sarc/o flesh

Combining Forms (cont’d) Combining Form Meaning sect/o _________ thromb/o _________ ur/o _________ Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

Combining Forms (cont’d) Combining Form Meaning sect/o to cut thromb/o clot, clotting ur/o urinary tract, urine

Suffixes Combining Form Meaning -ac _________ -al _________ -algia _________ -cyte _________ -ectomy _________

Suffixes (cont’d) Combining Form Meaning -ac pertaining to -al pertaining to -algia pain -cyte cell -ectomy excision, removal

QUICK QUIZ: Which suffix means to “cut out” or remove? -ectomy -scopy -itis -opsy The correct answer is A: -ectomy, meaning excision, or removal.

Suffixes Combining Form Meaning -emia _________ -genic _________ -globin _________ -gram _________ -ic, ical _________ Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

Suffixes (cont’d) Combining Form Meaning -emia blood condition -genic produced by or in -globin protein -gram record -ic, ical pertaining to Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

Suffixes (cont’d) Combining Form Meaning -ion _________ -ist _________ -itis _________ -logy _________ -oma _________ Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

Suffixes (cont’d) Combining Form Meaning -ion process -ist specialist -itis inflammation -logy process of study -oma tumor, mass, swelling Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

Suffixes (cont’d) Combining Form Meaning -opsy _________ -osis _________ -pathy _________ -scope _________ -scopy _________ Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

Suffixes (cont’d) -opsy process of viewing -osis condition, usually abnormal -pathy disease condition -scope instrument to visually examine -scopy process of visually examining Combining Form Meaning Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

Suffixes (cont’d) -sis _________ -tomy _________ -y _________ Combining Form Meaning -sis _________ -tomy _________ -y _________ Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

Suffixes (cont’d) Combining Form Meaning -sis state of; condition -tomy process of cutting, incision -y process, condition Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

Prefixes Combining Form Meaning a-, an- _________ aut-, auto _________ dia- _________ end-, endo- _________ epi- _________ ex-, exo- _________ Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

Prefixes (cont’d) Combining Form Meaning a-, an- no, not, without aut-, auto- self, own dia- complete, through endo- within epi- above, upon ex-, exo- out, outside of, outward Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

Prefixes (cont’d) Combining Form Meaning hyper- _________ hypo- _________ in- _________ peri- _________ pro- _________ Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

Prefixes (cont’d) Combining Form Meaning hyper- excessive, above, more than normal hypo- deficient, below, under, less than normal in- into, in peri- surrounding, around pro- before, forward Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

Prefixes (cont’d) Combining Form Meaning re- _________ retro- _________ sub- _________ trans- _________ Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

Prefixes (cont’d) Combining Form Meaning re- back, backward, again retro- behind sub- below, under trans- across, through Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

Pronunciation of Terms When ¯ is above a vowel, the sound is long. For example: ā as in āpe ō as in ōpen When ˘ is above a vowel, the sound is short. For example: ă as in ăpple ŏ as in pŏt The capitalized syllable is accented. Review long and short vowel sounds with the students. The syllable that appears in all caps is the accented syllable.

Pronunciation of Terms (cont’d) Examples: adenitis ăd-ĕ-Nī-tĭs biology bī-OL-ō-jē cephalic se-FĂL-ĭk iatrogenic i-ăt-rō-JĔN-ĭk resection rē-SĔK-shŭn