18 Cold War Conflicts Origins of the Cold War The Cold War Heats Up QUIT 18 C H A P T E R Cold War Conflicts CHAPTER OBJECTIVE INTERACT WITH HISTORY TIME LINE SECTION 1 Origins of the Cold War MAP SECTION 2 The Cold War Heats Up SECTION 3 The Cold War at Home GRAPH SECTION 4 Two Nations Live on the Edge VISUAL SUMMARY

HOME 18 C H A P T E R Cold War Conflicts CHAPTER OBJECTIVE To understand the international and domestic tensions resulting from the Cold War

18 Cold War Conflicts I N T E R A C T HOME 18 C H A P T E R Cold War Conflicts I N T E R A C T W I T H H I S T O R Y At the end of World War II, Americans begin to be haunted by a new fear. The Soviets have embraced a tightly controlled political system called communism. Many believe it threatens the American way of life. Throughout the nation, suspected communists are called before a House subcommittee for questioning. Anyone accused of un-American activity faces public humiliation and professional ruin. What do you do when a friend is accused? Examine the Issues • Do Americans with communist beliefs pose a threat to the nation? • What can individual citizens do to protect the rights of all people? • Should citizens speak out to preserve the rights of others?

18 Cold War Conflicts The United States The World continued . . . HOME C H A P T E R Cold War Conflicts TIME LINE The United States The World 1945 United Nations is established. 1946 Churchill gives his “Iron Curtain” speech. 1948 Harry S. Truman is elected president. 1948 Berlin airlift begins. 1949 United States joins NATO. 1949 China becomes communist under Mao Zedong. 1950 U.S. sends troops to Korea. 1950 Korean War begins. 1952 U.S. explodes first hydrogen bomb. Dwight D. Eisenhower is elected president. 1953 Julius and Ethel Rosenberg are executed as spies. 1953 Participants in Korean War agree on cease-fire. 1954 Senator Joseph McCarthy alleges Communist involvement in U.S. Army. 1954 French are defeated in Vietnam. continued . . .

18 Cold War Conflicts The United States The World HOME TIME LINE C H A P T E R Cold War Conflicts TIME LINE The United States The World 1957 Soviets launch Sputnik. 1959 Fidel Castro comes to power in Cuba. 1960 Francis Gary Powers’s U-2 spy plane is shot down by the Soviets. John F. Kennedy is elected president.

1 Origins of the Cold War KEY IDEA S E C T I O N 1 Origins of the Cold War MAP HOME KEY IDEA The Allied coalition falls apart as the United States and the Soviet Union find themselves in conflict with each other. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

1 Origins of the Cold War OVERVIEW S E C T I O N 1 Origins of the Cold War MAP HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW The United States and the Soviet Union emerged from World War II as two “superpowers” with vastly different political and economic systems. After World War II, differences between the United States and the Soviet Union led to a Cold War that lasted almost to the 21st century. TERMS & NAMES • satellite nation • Marshall Plan • Berlin Airlift • Truman Doctrine • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) • United Nations (UN) • Cold War • iron curtain • containment ASSESSMENT

S E C T I O N 1 Origins of the Cold War MAP HOME ASSESSMENT 1. Describe the United States actions and the Soviet actions that contributed most to the cold war. U.S. Actions Soviet Actions Marshall Plan Aid to Greece and Turkey Containment Truman Doctrine Berlin Airlift Refusal to allow free elections in Poland Control of Eastern Europe Blockade of West Berlin continued . . .

S E C T I O N 1 Origins of the Cold War MAP HOME ASSESSMENT 2. People who had served as aides to President Franklin Roosevelt worried that Truman was not qualified to handle world leadership. Considering what you learned in this section, evaluate Truman as a world leader. Think About: • his behavior toward Stalin • his economic support of European nations • his support of West Berlin ANSWER POSSIBLE RESPONSES: Truman was an effective leader who took firm actions to contain Soviet influence and support the Marshall Plan and Berlin Airlift. He overreacted and was too belligerent. continued . . .

S E C T I O N 1 Origins of the Cold War MAP HOME ASSESSMENT 3. Which of the two superpowers do you think was more successful in achieving its aims during the period 1945–1949? ANSWER POSSIBLE RESPONSES: The Soviets were most successful because they extended their influence into Eastern Europe. The United States was more successful because it broke the blockade of West Berlin and helped rebuild Europe. continued . . .

S E C T I O N 1 Origins of the Cold War MAP HOME ASSESSMENT 4. What were Stalin’s motives in supporting Communist governments in Eastern Europe? ANSWER Stalin wanted Eastern Europe as a buffer zone to protect the Soviet Union from an invasion on its western front. End of Section 1

2 The Cold War Heats Up KEY IDEA S E C T I O N 2 The Cold War Heats Up HOME KEY IDEA U.S. containment policies and Communist successes in China and North Korea lead to the Korean War. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

2 The Cold War Heats Up OVERVIEW S E C T I O N 2 The Cold War Heats Up HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW After World War II, China became a communist nation and Korea was split into a communist north and a democratic south. Ongoing tensions with China and North Korea continue to involve the United States. TERMS & NAMES • Korean War • Mao Zedong • Chiang Kai-shek • Taiwan • 38th parallel ASSESSMENT

2 The Cold War Heats Up 1. List the major events of the Korean War. HOME 2 S E C T I O N The Cold War Heats Up ASSESSMENT 1. List the major events of the Korean War. Event Two Event One Event Four Event Six Event Three Event Five Event Seven June 1950 North Korea invades South Korea. Sept. 1950 MacArthur launches a counterattack at Inchon. Nov. 1950 China enters the war. 1948 Korea is split into two nations. June 1950 U.S. supports South Korea. Sept.-Oct. 1950 The UN counterattack succeeds. July 1953 The Armistice is signed. continued . . .

S E C T I O N 2 The Cold War Heats Up HOME ASSESSMENT 2. What might have happened if MacArthur had convinced Truman to expand the fighting into China? How might today’s world be different? ANSWER A third world war might have broken out, resulting in the obliteration of millions by nuclear weapons. continued . . .

S E C T I O N 2 The Cold War Heats Up HOME ASSESSMENT 3. Many Americans have questioned whether fighting the Korean War was worthwhile. What is your opinion? Why? Think About: • the loss of American lives • the fear of communism that enveloped the country at the time • the stalemate that ended the war ANSWER POSSIBLE RESPONSES: The war was not worthwhile because Korea remained a divided nation. The war was worthwhile because, without it, all of Korea might have become Communist. continued . . .

S E C T I O N 2 The Cold War Heats Up HOME ASSESSMENT 4. At the end of China’s civil war, the United States refused to accept the communist People’s Republic of China as China’s true government. What were the advantages of such a policy? What were the disadvantages? ANSWER Advantages—The United States remained committed to its policy of containment of Communism. Disadvantages—Refusal to recognize the Communist government in China kept the United States from influencing China and drove China into an alliance with the Soviet Union. End of Section 2

3 The Cold War at Home KEY IDEA S E C T I O N 3 The Cold War at Home HOME KEY IDEA The Cold War kindles a fear of Communist influence in the United States. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

3 The Cold War at Home OVERVIEW S E C T I O N 3 The Cold War at Home HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW During the late 1940s and early 1950s, fear of communism led to reckless charges against innocent citizens. Americans today remain vigilant about unfounded accusations. TERMS & NAMES • Alger Hiss • Hollywood Ten • McCarthyism • Ethel and Julius Rosenberg • Joseph McCarthy • HUAC • blacklist ASSESSMENT

Anti-Communist fear gripped the country. S E C T I O N 3 The Cold War at Home HOME ASSESSMENT 1. Give four examples of how anti-Communist fear gripped the country. HUAC investigates un-American activities in Hollywood. Spy cases increase fears. Anti-Communist fear gripped the country. Congress passes the McCarran Act. McCarthy arouses fear of a Communist conspiracy. continued . . .

S E C T I O N 3 The Cold War at Home HOME ASSESSMENT 2. If you had lived in this period and had been accused of being a Communist, what would you have done? Think About: • the Hollywood Ten, who refused to answer questions • the Rosenbergs, who pleaded the Fifth Amendment ANSWER POSSIBLE RESPONSES: I would have refused to name others because that would have been the honorable course to take. I would have shown loyalty to the United States by answering the committee’s questions. continued . . .

S E C T I O N 3 The Cold War at Home HOME ASSESSMENT 3. Choose one of the following roles: Harry Truman, a member of HUAC, Judge Irving Kaufman, or Joseph McCarthy. As the person you have chosen, explain your motivation for opposing communism. ANSWER Truman: He feared the spread of communism in Asia and Europe. HUAC: Its members believed that communists were sneaking propaganda into films. Irving Kaufman: He believed that Communist spies were responsible for the Korean War. Joseph McCarthy: He believed that communism was infiltrating the country. End of Section 3

Two Nations Live on the Edge S E C T I O N 4 Two Nations Live on the Edge GRAPH HOME KEY IDEA Tension mounts between the United States and the Soviet Union as both try to spread their influence around the world. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

Two Nations Live on the Edge S E C T I O N 4 Two Nations Live on the Edge GRAPH HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW During the 1950s, the United States and the Soviet Union came to the brink of nuclear war. The Cold War continued into the following decades, affecting U.S. policies in Cuba, Central America, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East. TERMS & NAMES • John Foster Dulles • Warsaw Pact • Nikita Khrushchev • brinkmanship • Dwight D. Eisenhower • Francis Gary Powers • Eisenhower Doctrine • CIA • U-2 incident • H-bomb ASSESSMENT

Two Nations Live on the Edge S E C T I O N 4 Two Nations Live on the Edge GRAPH HOME ASSESSMENT 1. List cold war trouble spots in Guatemala, Iran, Egypt and Hungary. For each, write a newspaper headline that summarizes the U.S. role and the outcome of the situation. Trouble Spot Headline Guatemala CIA-Trained Army Topples Guatemalan Government Iran U.S. Prevents Iranian-Soviet Alliance Egypt U.S. Urges Peaceful Suez Solution Hungary United States Refuses to Send Help to Hungarians as Soviets Put Down Revolt continued . . .

Two Nations Live on the Edge S E C T I O N 4 Two Nations Live on the Edge GRAPH HOME ASSESSMENT 2. How might the Cold War have progressed if the U-2 incident had never occurred? Think About: • the mutual distrust between the Soviet Union and the United States • the outcome of the incident ANSWER The U-2 incident greatly increased tension. Had it not happened, the United States and the Soviet Union might have taken steps to resolve their differences. continued . . .

Two Nations Live on the Edge S E C T I O N 4 Two Nations Live on the Edge GRAPH HOME ASSESSMENT 3. Which of the two superpowers do you think contributed more to Cold War tensions during the 1950s? ANSWER POSSIBLE RESPONSES: The Soviets contributed more to Cold War tension because they took over Eastern Europe, crushed the Hungarian Uprising, and rejected Eisenhower’s “open skies” proposal. The United States contributed more to Cold War tensions because of the U-2 incident, the Eisenhower Doctrine, and United States involvement in Guatemala and Iran. Both countries were equally at fault. continued . . .

Two Nations Live on the Edge S E C T I O N 4 Two Nations Live on the Edge GRAPH HOME ASSESSMENT 4. Should one nation have the right to remove another nation’s head of government from power? If so, when? If not, why? ANSWER POSSIBLE RESPONSES: Yes: if the head of government has policies that threaten the other nation’s existence No: Every country has the right to determine its own government without outside interference. End of Section 4