New Seats/introductions Tests/Grades Calendar Begin Unit V November 2 New Seats/introductions Tests/Grades Calendar Begin Unit V

Tests/grades MC – Scores - Test Scores FRQ – Scantron fixed with okay symbols for those that were marked wrong and are correct. Scores - Test Scores FRQ – Common issues Read your entire FRQ and the rubric to relearn/reinforce

New Calendar Term 2 Part I

Neurons Nervous System Endocrine System Unit V Part I Neurons Nervous System Endocrine System

Anatomy of a neuron 1. The next unit is all about the BIOLOGY of behavior. Therefore, you will be required to know the ANATOMY and FUNCTIONS of major body systems. 2. The very smallest unit of the nervous system is the: NEURON 3. How many neurons are located throughout the body? 100 Million

Structures of the Neuron CellCell Nucleus Nodes of Ranvier Gaps in the myelin sheath that allow ions to cross the cell membrane

Fun Neuro Facts A large band of axons wound together with a common purpose is called a nerve. The disease multiple sclerosis (M.S.) involves a breakdown of the myelin sheath.

Structures of the synapse Other Names for the Structure Terminal Branches: axon terminals, synaptic knob, synaptic button Synaptic Space: gap, cleft, synapse Receptor Site: new dendrite, post synaptic neuron Neurotransmitters: chemical messangers Receptor Site

Neural communication Neural Impulses Excitatory GO! Fire Excite the next neuron Inhibitory STOP Don’t fire Inhibit the next neuron

Neural communication Neural Stimulation There are three ways to stimulate a neuron and get it to fire (have an action potential) Chemical (neurotransmitters/drugs) Temperature changes Pressure (touch)

Neural Communication Ions Sodium Na+ More outside of cell when resting Potassium K+ Located inside the cell Move back out of the cell after cell fires to repolarize and make internal state negative.

Neural Communication Action Potential Resting/Graded Potential – More POSITIVE ions OUTSIDE the cell membrane that creates a NEGATIVE charge on the INSIDE Polarization - A state of REST Action Potential - The cell is STIMULATED above the THRESHOLD causing POSITIVE (NA+) ions to come rushing inside. Also called: Neural Firing, Depolarization, Impulse Threshold of Excitation - The level that the STIMULATION must exceed to cause a neuron to DEPOLARIZE. This is what triggers an ACTION POTENTIAL.

Neural communication refractory period Absolute: When the K+ ions begin to be pumped back out through the cell membrane, the neuron CANNOT FIRE no matter how highly stimulated. Relative: When a neuron CAN fire if the stimulation EXCEEDS the original intensity.

Neural Communication Refractory Period

Neural Communication All-or-none law 10. Describe the All-or-None-Law: Increasing your stimulation ABOVE the THRESHOLD DOES NOT increase the INTENSITY of the impulse. If a gun fires, does it fire stronger if you pull the trigger harder? Field Trip 

November 4 Sub – CCN/Quiz Neuron chart completed with clues given in class *Make-up by coming in during Flex to see clues and put in correct spaces

November 8 Rewind – two days Finalize Neuron Finalize Notes Unit V Part I Begin Part II (if time)

Path of action potential *Trace this while half of the class is gone Dendrites ----- Soma ----Axon   ---------Axon Terminals ---------- Neurotransmitters Released --------- Synaptic Gap ---------- Receptor Site (New Dendrite) --------- Excites or Inhibits. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p5zFgT4aofA http://learntech.uwe.ac.uk/synapsesneuro/Default.aspx?pageid=1909

14. Neurotransmitters Serotonin AcH Dopamine Appetite Aggression (high) Mood (mania high/depression low) SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ocSptPUBbuo AcH Memory/Alzheimer’s Muscle contraction Botulism/BOTOX Dopamine Reward centers Finite muscle control (Parkinson’s) Attention/focus/thought organization (schizophrenia) Tardive Dyskenesia http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?p id=1596

Neurotransmitters Endorphins Norepinephrine/Epinephrine Glutamate GABA Pain relief/natural pain killers http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TjrB dKXgYFY Norepinephrine/Epinephrine Adrenal glands Alertness/arousal (ADHD) Fight or flight Glutamate Excitatory(low level/no stimulation) Learning and memory GABA Inhibotory (low level/no inhibition) Huntington’s Disease/slow motor movement

Neural communication Review 12. Explain how each of the following relate to the “neurinal” field trip our class took today: a. Resting Potential b. Stimulation/Threshold  c. Action Potential  d. Repolarization  e. Absolute Refractory Period

15. Types of Neurons a. Receptor Other Names - sensory, afferent Receive information from senses…. Eyes, ears, nose, mouth, skin…. b. Effector Other Names - motor, efferent Send signals from the brain/spinal cord to the muscles. c. Interneurons Transmit signals between other neurons… Neural Networks d. Glial Cells Nourish, direct growth, eliminate waste. BILLIONS MORE!

16. The Path Sensory Neuron -- Interneuron -- Motor Neuron

17. Neurotransmitters and drugs Drugs affect the neuron at the SYNAPSE Neurotransmitters are affected FIVE ways by drugs/chemicals. 1. Drugs work as AGONISTS – mimic/copy Examples: opiates are agonists for endorphins (heroin/morphine/oxy) 2. Drugs work as ANTAGONISTS – blocks Examples: LSD/Psychadelics are antagonists for serotonin and glutamate. Botox is an antagonist for AcH.  

November 10 Finalize unit V Part 1 – turn in study guides Begin Part II – Study Guide/Brain mobile assignment

17. Neurotransmitters and drugs 3. Drugs cause reabsorption -- DOES NOT break down the N/T at the synapse, causing an excess to be re-released the next time the neuron fires. Examples: ecstasy causes reabsorption for serotonin, cocaine causes reabsorption of dopamine 4. Drugs can cause an overproduction of neurotransmitters in the presynaptic neuron: Example: Amphetamines (meth) can stimulate an overproduction of norepinephrine; SSRI’s block the reuptake of serotonin, leaving more at synapse 5. Drugs can cause an underproduction of neurotransmitters in the presynaptic neuron: Example: Curare slows the production of AcH, Haldol slows production of dopamine

18. The branches of the NS Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Somatic Central Nervous System CNS (brain and spinal cord) *Body Model (C and P) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Somatic Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic

Some Differences: 19. N/T and a hormone: 20. Nervous and endocrine: N/T released by and function within and around neurons of the nervous system (fast) Hormones released by glands of the endocrine system and travel through blood (slow) 20. Nervous and endocrine: Nervous: neurons/nerves/neurotransmitters Endocrine: glands/hormones/blood stream

21. Glands of the Endocrine System and Hormones released. Pineal – melotonin Pituitary – master/growth Thyroid – thyroxin Thymus - thymosin Adrenal – adrenaline Pancreas – glucagon/insulin Ovaries – duh! Testes – duh!