A way of thinking about language Grammar A way of thinking about language

4 levels of grammar Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Conjunction, Preposition, Interjection 1. Parts of Speech 2. Parts of Sentence Subject, Predicate, Direct Object, Indirect Object, Subject Complement 3. Phrases Verbal, Appositive, Prepositional 4. Clauses Dependent, Independent

Level #1: Parts of Speech Noun Verb Pro-noun Adj. Adv. Interjection Prep. Conjunction

Noun: (Latin nomen meaning name)—name of a person, place, or thing Proper OR Common Concrete OR Abstract Collective OR Singular OR Plural

Pronoun: A word that takes the place of a noun. A word used instead of repeating the antecedent (noun). Ms. Cooper teaches math. In room, students will work with numbers. find room colorful, and always have fun with . Ms. Cooper’s Students Ms. Cooper’s students Ms. Cooper Writing is monotonous without pronouns!

Pronouns Replace Antecedents! Antecedent = noun Use pronoun instead of antecedent STEMS: cede (goes) ante (before) Ms. Chandler is loud. Her students will never ask her to repeat herself. *There isn’t always an antecedent* Anyone who is registered may vote.

Don’t make this mistake! Its or It’s? Its = possessive pronoun (The chair lost its legs) It’s = contraction of it is (It’s too late) It’s

MEMORIZE subject and object PRONOUNS! SUBJECT PRONOUNS: subject of the sentence Singular Plural 1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person I we you you he, she, it they OBJECT PRONOUNS: object of the sentence Singular Plural 1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person me us you you him, her, it them

Other Types of Pronouns WHOM? Interrogative: a pronoun used to interrogate WHO? WHOSE? WHICH? WHAT?

Other Types of Pronouns De-monster-ate: Other Types of Pronouns THESE Demonstrative: a pronoun used to demonstrate THIS THAT THOSE IMPORTANT! Don’t be vague! Don’t use these pronouns as subjects. This influenced people. This essay influenced people.

Types of pronouns Subject: I, you, he, she, it, you, they Object: me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them Possessive: my, your, his, her, its, our, their Interrogative: who, whose, whom, which, what Demonstrative: this, that, these, those Relative: who, whose, whom, which, that Indefinite: anyone, anybody, each, all, etc. Reflexive: myself, yourself, himself, etc. Intensive: myself, yourself, himself, etc. (intensifies—I myself agree with that idea.)

Verbs The verb is about the noun. Noun Verb Verb - a word that shows action, being, or links a subject to a subject complement

Verb—what the noun does or is! Action verbs show action on a direct object: Betsy sang the song. Or the action verb might just show action: Betsy sang. Linking verbs link the subject to the subject complement: He is a poet *Most verbs show actions or make equations* I saw >>him. I am = he.

vs. Action Verb Linking Verb Substitute am, is, or are! If the meaning doesn’t change, you have a linking verb! Sylvia   the spicy squid eyeball stew. The squid eyeball stew    good. Action Verb tasted is is tasted Linking Verb Sylvia is the stew? I don't think so! Tasted, therefore, is an action verb in this sentence, something Sylvia is doing. The stew is good? You bet. Make your own!

Verb Tenses indicate time Present Present Perfect Singular Plural 1st person 2nd person 3rd person I protest We protest You protest You protest He, she, it protests They protest Past Perfect Past Singular Plural 1st person 2nd person 3rd person I protested We protested You protested You protested He, she, it protested They protested Future Perfect Future Singular Plural 1st person 2nd person 3rd person I will protest We will protest You will protest You will protest He, she, it will protest They will protest

adjective A word that MODIFIES a noun or pronoun Cannot exist without noun or pronoun Proper adjectives (Spanish rice) Articles a, an (indefinite) the (definite)

Adverb A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Noun Verb Adj. Adv. Adv. Adv.

Adverbs can show… Time: still, soon, now, later, yet, tomorrow Place: here, there, away, home, downtown, near, far Frequency: often, when, never, again, seldom, frequently Manner: very, quite, well, barely, hardly, hard, almost, exactly

TO JOIN! Conjunction 3 Types of Conjunctions! Conjunction, Junction, What’s Your Function? TO JOIN! A conjunction is a word that joins two words or two groups of words. 3 Types of Conjunctions! Coordinating: F.A.N.B.O.Y.S Subordinating: if, as, since, when, because, although, while, etc. Correlative: (always come in pairs): either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also, so/as

Conjunction, Junction, What’s Your Function?

pre……………………………post Preposition – A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between its object (noun/pronoun) and another word in the sentence. A preposition shows relationships of: Time -- before, during, after Space – in, on, beside, around Direction – to, from, toward Prepositions are in the PRE position because they come at the beginning of the phrase: in the boat, on the dock, around Venus. somewhere over the rainbow adv. prep. adj. noun

Interjection An interjection is a word that shows EXCITEMENT but serves NO grammatical function. Interjections are considered the BATMAN words – words that fill the pages of action comic books. Examples of interjections include Oh! Ugh! Wow! Yes! No! Oops! OMG! Tru Dat! Arrrrr! The interjection is thrown (ject) splat! into the sentence to show strong emotion. Kapow!

Analysis: Break it down—interjection OMG! I am now an invisible man. Parts of Speech Parts of Sentence Phrases Clauses Int. pronoun verb adv. adj. adj noun —Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man (1952)

Analysis: Break it down- Interjection Wow! Humpty Dumpty sat on the wall. Parts of Speech Parts of Sentence Phrases Clauses Int. N o u n verb prep. adj noun

Analysis: Break it down--interjection I do not like green eggs and ham. Parts of Speech Parts of Sentence Phrases Clauses adv. pronoun V e r b adj noun Conj. noun —Dr. Seuss Green Eggs and Ham

Analysis: Break it down--interjection Sam! If you will let me be, I will really try them. Parts of Speech Parts of Sentence Phrases Clauses pronoun pronoun Adv. noun Conj. pronoun pronoun V E R B verb V E R B —Dr. Seuss Green Eggs and Ham

Analysis: Break it down--interjection The itsy bitsy spider went carefully up the water spout. Parts of Speech Parts of Sentence Phrases Clauses adj Adv. Prep. adj adj noun verb adj adj noun

Analysis: Break it down--interjection I put peanut butter and jelly on my sandwich. Parts of Speech Parts of Sentence Phrases Clauses Prep. N o u n pronoun Conj. noun pronoun verb noun

Analysis: Break it down--interjection I made a peanut butter and jelly sandwich. Parts of Speech Parts of Sentence Phrases Clauses pronoun verb adj A d j e c t i v e Conj. adj noun

Analysis: Break it down--interjection Whoo! It’s definitely peanut butter jelly time. Parts of Speech Parts of Sentence Phrases Clauses Int. PN/V adv adj adj adj noun

Analysis: Break it down--interjection It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen. Parts of Speech Parts of Sentence Phrases Clauses pronoun Prep. verb adj adj adj noun Conj. adj noun V E R B noun - George Orwell, 1984 (1949)

Now it’s your turn to: BREAK IT DOWN!