Grammar Parts of Speech

Nouns A noun is the part of speech that names a person, place, thing or idea. person – girl, man, James place – school, forest, London thing – salt, cat, Revolutionary War idea – freedom, love, beauty

Nouns Common vs. Proper Chicago A common noun is a general name for a person, place or thing. A proper noun names a specific person, place or thing. Proper nouns are capitalized. Beyonce Chicago

Nouns Singular vs. Plural Singular nouns name one object. Plural nouns name more than one object. dog dogs house houses foot feet mouse mice hero heroes

Pronouns Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns. They help us avoid the awkward repetition of nouns. I, we, me, him, her, his, it, you, they, us… Weird: Michael lost Michael’s watch at the gym. Not weird: Michael lost his watch at the gym. The noun that the pronoun replaces is known as its antecedent. A pronoun and its antecedent need to agree in number and gender. Error: Michael lost her watch at the gym. The student lost their homework.

Pronouns and Antecedents The noun that the pronoun replaces is known as its antecedent. A pronoun and its antecedent need to agree in number and gender. Error: Michael lost her watch at the gym. The student lost their homework. Correct: Michael lost his watch at the gym. The student lost his or her homework. Or Students lose their homework.

Pronouns The person speaking (FIRST PERSON) Pronouns refer to The person speaking (FIRST PERSON) I, me The person spoken to (SECOND PERSON) You The person, place or thing being spoken about (THIRD PERSON) He, she, it

Pronoun Cases Subject – the doer (subject) of the action I throw the ball. Object – the receiver (object) of the action Throw the ball to me. Possessive – shows ownership My throw to third base won the game.

Pronouns Singular vs. Plural

Verbs A verb is a word that shows an action, condition, or the fact that something exists. An action verb tells what action someone or something is performing. Mia learned about winter sports. The dog runs across the road.

Verbs A verb is a word that shows an action, condition, or the fact that something exists. A linking verb connects the subject with a word in the predicate (a noun, pronoun or adjective that identifies or describes the subject). Ex: Forms of To be : is, am, was, were, been, being Verbs that Express Condition: look, appear, become, seem, feel, smell, remain The man is a famous hockey player. She seems like a nice girl.

Verbs An auxillary or helping verb is often combined with a main verb to form a verb phrase. The stadium is filled. We should save a seat for Jeff.

Verb Tense Verb tenses let us know when the action happens. Present Tense: I walk around my neighborhood. Past Tense: I walked around the block. Future Tense: I will walk to school tomorrow.

Verb Tense in Sentences When writing, you need to stay in the SAME verb tense. Incorrect: I got home late and Mom yells at me for not calling to let her know where I will be. I got home = past tense Mom yells = present tense where I will be = future tense Correct: I got home late and Mom yelled at me for not calling to let her know where I had been. This sentence is now written in one tense. Which tense is it?

Regular / Irregular Verbs Regular verbs have a certain pattern. I jump rope. I jumped rope last week. I have jumped rope many times. Irregular verbs do not always follow a pattern. You simply have to know them. The grass grows. Yesterday, the grass grew. It has grown a lot this week. I take the picture. I took the picture yesterday. I have taken a lot of pictures.

Regular / Irregular Verbs Some irregular verbs sound the same, but do not follow the same pattern. Present Past Many times (I have) sink sank sunk shrink shrank shrunk think thought thought sing sang sung ring rang rung bring brought brought

Adjectives An adjective is a word that describes (or modifies) a noun or a pronoun. Adjectives can tell us What kind? – red, large, dark, beautiful How many? – eleven, etc. How much? – few, several, many Which one? – this, that

What am I? A word can be identified as different parts of speech depending on how it is used. I bought a can of paint. (NOUN) I painted the bathroom wall. (VERB) The house is painted. (ADJECTIVE)

Adverbs An adverb is a word that describes (or modifies) a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Adverbs answer the questions Where? (here) When? (yesterday, tomorrow, soon) How? (quickly, silently, magnificently) To what extent? (very, really, completely, only) Many, but not all, adverbs end in –ly. quickly, suddenly, quietly, carefully

Prepositions A preposition is a word that shows how a noun or pronoun relates to another part of the sentence. Examples: in, on, by, with, to, for, toward, etc. Prepositions can show direction, location, time, cause or possession.

Prepositions of… Time Place At, on, in, during… Lunch is served at 12:00pm. My birthday is on Wednesday. She likes to jog in the morning. Easter is in April. Dad watches TV during the evening. Place At, on, in, by, under, over, below, above… He threw the ball over the roof. She lives near school. The cat hid underneath the couch.

Prepositions of… Direction to, from, by, down, Mom took me to the store. The sounds came from a radio. Allegiant is written by Veronica Roth. More prepositions: Of, as, through, because of, according to, without, between, around,, after, into, up, until, …

Prepositional Phrase A prepositional phrase consists of a PREPOSITION and its OBJECT, and any modifiers of the object. Mom took me to the store. The cat hid underneath the couch. She likes to jog in the morning. Jazz is a modern form of music.

Adverb or Preposition??? Words can be identified as different parts of speech depending upon how they are used. Example: Preposition: She went inside the house. Adverb: She went inside. * If an object accompanies the word, it is being used as a preposition.

Prepositions in Sentences When writing, you should try to avoid ending a sentence with a preposition. Bad sentence: Notice the ease Carlos hits the ball with. Good sentence: Notice the ease with which Carlos hits the ball. Bad: I’m the one she’s sitting next to. Good: She is sitting next to me.

Conjunctions A conjunction is used to connect words or groups of words. and, but, or, yet, etc. Conjunction Junction

Coordinating Conjunctions These are also known as FANBOYS. They connect INDEPENDENT clauses (complete sentences) For And Nor But Or Yet So Don’t forget the comma! I want to go to the beach, but it is going to rain. Bob left early, so I left with him.

Conjunctive Adverbs --Also used to connect INDEPENDENT clauses therefore however nevertheless consequently Notice that conjunctive adverbs are transitions when they are placed in the beginning of a sentence. ---Conjunctive adverbs required different punctuation: semi-colon in front of conjunctive adverb and a comma after it Jakayla planned to go out tonight; however, she needed to finish her literary analysis essay first.

Subordinating Conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions make one of the ideas subordinate to (secondary, less important) the second idea. We protect the wetlands because they are important to our ecosystem. As soon as the volunteers arrived, the cleanup work began. after as long as since until although before than unless as even though so that when

Go to p. 26 in your grammar book.