CHAPTER 18 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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CHAPTER 18 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Immunoassay Endocrine Polydipsia Polyphagia Polyuria Prostaglandin Puberty Basal metabolic rate Endocrine Exophthalmos Gonadotropin Hormone Hyperglycemia Hypoglycemia Journal question: What is the primary function of the endocrine system.

Chapter 18 Learning Objectives Define 10 terms relating to the endocrine system. Describe the function of the endocrine system. Identify at least nine endocrine system structures.

Chapter 18 Learning Objectives Identify at least one hormone produced by each of the 10 endocrine glands. Describe at least three methods used to assess the function of the endocrine system. Describe at least five disorders of the endocrine system.

Structure and Function of the Endrocrine System Primary function of the endocrine system is to produce hormones that monitor and coordinate body activities. Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Two classes of hormones Nonsteroid First messengers Steroid How does the endocrine system help to maintain the body’s homeostasis?

The Endocrine System FIGURE 18-1 The endocrine system. (From Patton KT, Thibodeau GA: Anatomy & physiology, ed 7, St. Louis, 2010, Mosby.)

Hormones Three categories of hormones Tropic hormones Sex hormones Target other endocrine structures to increase growth and secretions Sex hormones Influence reproductive changes Anabolic hormones Stimulate the process of building tissues

Hormones Hormones direct many body processes, including Growth Metabolism Reproduction Hormones regulate the body’s reaction to stress and homeostasis. How do hormones regulate the body’s reaction to stress?

Glands and Their Hormones Hypothalamus Located above the pituitary gland Translates nervous system impulses into endocrine system messages Regulates secretions of the pituitary adenohypophysis Pituitary gland Located at the base of the brain Divided into two parts – anterior and posterior Sometimes called the master gland Produces the hormones that regulate the secretion of other glands What does the prefix hypo mean? Why is the pituitary gland called the master gland?

Glands and Their Hormones Pineal body Pea-shaped organ located in the brain Produces the hormone melatonin Regulates the release of substances in the hypothalamus of the brain that influence secretion of sex hormones Influences menstrual cycle and onset of puberty Thought to be involved in the regulation of the biologic clock Discuss the term biologic clock and how it is affected by the hormone melatonin.

Glands and Their Hormones Thyroid Butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck Produces hormones that regulate body metabolism: thyroxine and triiodothyronine Iodine is required for production of both. Produces calcitonin, which decreases the amount of calcium in the blood

Glands and Their Hormones Parathyroid Four tiny glands attached in the back of thyroid gland Secretes parathyroid hormone, which affects the amount of calcium in the blood Increases the blood’s calcium level Increases the rate of phosphorus excretion by the kidneys Why is it important to regulate the blood’s calcium level?

Glands and Their Hormones Thymus Butterfly-shaped gland located above the heart Produces thymosin Stimulates the lymphoid organs to produce T lymphocytes and antibodies in newborns or young children

Glands and Their Hormones Pancreas Located behind the stomach Produces the hormones insulin and glucagon Insulin regulates transportation of sugar, fatty acids, and amino acids into the cells. Glucagon increases the blood sugar level. The pancreas is the only gland that has both endocrine and exocrine functions. Explain how the pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions.

Glands and Their Hormones Adrenals Located above the kidneys Divided into two layers Adrenal cortex Produces about 30 hormones Adrenal medulla Produces epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine Epinephrine increases heart rate, blood pressure and blood sugar. Decreases blood flow to internal organs. Discuss the hormone epinephrine and the fight or flight reaction to stress.

Glands and Their Hormones Gonads Primary sex glands Female: ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone Hormones stimulate breast development, hair placement, and menstruation. Estrogen initiates ovulation. Progesterone assists in pregnancy. Male: testes produce hormone testosterone Hormone stimulates secondary characteristics of the male. Discuss the secondary characteristics of the male.

Glands and Their Hormones Prostaglandins Fatty hormones produced by tissues Can decrease blood pressure, cause fever, increase hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach, increase uterine contraction during pregnancy, and influence intestinal peristalsis

Hormonal Changes of Puberty Adrenal gland secretes the hormones that begin the development of secondary sexual characteristics. In a man, the voice deepens, and facial hair begins to grow. In a woman, the breasts enlarge, and fatty tissue is deposited around the hips. In men and women, height and weight increase. Discuss the term secondary sexual characteristics.

Hormonal Changes of Pregnancy The placenta, or interfacing organ between the fetal and maternal circulation, produces a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Increased estrogen and progesterone from the ovaries are maintained until the placenta begins to produce these hormones. Progesterone increases the mobility of the pelvic and lower back bones to allow the birthing process. The pituitary and thyroid increase in size, resulting in a higher metabolic rate.

Hormonal Changes of Menopause Menopause occurs after a decrease in secretion of the gonadotropins follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Ovarian secretion of the hormone estrogen is decreased. Hot flashes, periods of feeling extreme heat, are the only universal symptom of menopause.

Assessment Techniques Basal metabolic rate (BMR) Amount of energy needed to maintain functions of resting body Protein-bound iodine (PBI) Blood test to measure the amounts of proteins attached to thyroxine Immunoassay Blood specimen is mixed with a specific chemical agent. Number of complexes formed indicates the presence of certain hormones. Basil metabolic rate is measured by a test called indirect calorimetry, which measures the amount of oxygen consumed. Protein-bound iodine assessment results can be influenced by cough syrups, iodine used in tests, diuretics, steroids, and pregnancy.

Assessment Techniques Radioiodine uptake (RAIU) studies Involves drinking radioactive iodine and measuring the iodine absorbed by the thyroid using a Geiger counter Glucose tolerance testing (GTT) Assesses function of pancreas using urine and blood specimens Measures the efficiency of the insulin production of the pancreas Ask the class if any student has taken a glucose tolerance test. Have the student tell about their experience in taking the test.

Disorders of the Endocrine System Acromegaly Enlargement of the bones of the hands, feet, and jaws Addison's disease Caused by hyposecretion of the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex Cretinism Condition resulting from a congenital deficiency of thyroid secretion or hypothyroidism Discuss the causes, symptoms, and treatment for these disorders.

Disorders of the Endocrine System Cushing’s syndrome Disorder that causes hyperactivity of the adrenals Triggered by the oversecretion of the pituitary hormone ACTH Diabetes insipidus Acquired or inherited decrease in the antidiuretic hormone secreted by the pituitary Diabetes mellitus Disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism resulting from insufficient insulin production by the pancreas Discuss the causes, symptoms, and treatment for these disorders.

Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus

Disorders of the Endocrine System Dwarfism Results from hyposecretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland May be caused by a tumor, infection, genetic factors, or trauma Gigantism Excessive growth of the long bones caused by hypersecretion of somatotropic hormone Graves’ disease Caused by hyperthyroidism or thyrotoxicosis

Disorders of the Endocrine System Hyperparathyroidism Causes hypercalcemia, an increased calcium blood level Hypoglycemia Results from increased insulin production by the pancreas Hypoparathyroidism Decreased secretion of parathyroid hormone, which causes tetany Discuss the term “tetany”.

Disorders of the Endocrine System Hypothyroidism Also called Hashimoto's disease, results from an insufficient production of thyroxine Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIAH) Involves water intoxication and the dilution of intracellular and extracellular body tissues, usually resulting from lung cancer Virilism Results from increased secretion in the adrenal glands Discuss the causes, symptoms, and treatment for these disorders.

Issues and Innovations Diabetes About 8% of the population have diabetes Rates are highest in China, India, and the United States. Exubera New form of insulin taken with an inhaler Can be used by type 1 and 2 diabetics Transplantation of a donor pancreas Used with various rates of success Infusion of cord stem cell into children with type 1 diabetes Safe and may slow down progression of type 1 diabetes Ask the class their thoughts on why these three countries have the highest populations with diabetes.

Issues and Innovations Steroid abuse Continues to be a problem, especially by athletes Causes problems for men, such as stunted growth, liver tumors, and decreased sperm production Causes problems for women, such as loss of menstrual cycle and baldness Use of anabolic steroids may result in a prison sentence of up to 6 years. Initiate a discussion on recent articles about athletes abusing steroids. Why do they think there is such a need for athletes to abuse steroid use?

Summary The function of the endocrine system is to produce hormones that monitor and coordinate body activities. Endocrine system structures Pineal Hypothalamus Thyroid Pituitary Thymus glands Others

Summary The hormone produced by the thyroid gland (thyroxine) regulates body metabolism. Methods used to assess the endocrine system Basal metabolic rate Protein-bound iodine blood tests Radioactive uptake

Summary Disorders of the endocrine system Acromegaly Cretinism Cushing’s syndrome Diabetes insipidus Diabetes mellitus

Review Adenoma, with regard to the endocrine system, is: a. Inflammation of the pancreas b. A tumor of a gland c. Excessive excretion of urine d. Enlargement of the extremities e. Softening of a gland

Review Adenoma, with regard to the endocrine system, is: a. Inflammation of the pancreas b. A tumor of a gland c. Excessive excretion of urine d. Enlargement of the extremities e. Softening of a gland

Review Addison’s disease is: a. A disorder resulting from an acquired or inherited decrease in antidiuretic hormone secreted by the pituitary b. A disorder that causes hyperactivity of the adrenal glands c. A condition resulting from a congenital deficiency of thyroid secretion d. A complex disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism e. Caused by hyposecretion of the hormones produced by the cortex of the adrenal gland

Review Addison’s disease is: a. A disorder resulting from an acquired or inherited decrease in antidiuretic hormone secreted by the pituitary b. A disorder that causes hyperactivity of the adrenal glands c. A condition resulting from a congenital deficiency of thyroid secretion d. A complex disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism e. Caused by hyposecretion of the hormones produced by the cortex of the adrenal gland