Chapter 21 -The Cardiovascular System: The Heart Overview of the Cardiovascular System and the Pericardium Internal Anatomy and Organization of the Heart Orientation and Superficial Heart Anatomy The Heart Wall The Cardiac Cycle $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $200 $200 $200 $200 $200 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 FINAL ROUND

Topic 1: $100 Question Which of the following structures are known as “exchange vessels” due to the exchange of nutrients, dissolved gases, and waste products which occur through their walls? a. veins b. capillaries c. arterioles d. venules ANSWER BACK TO GAME

Topic 1: $100 Answer Which of the following structures are known as “exchange vessels” due to the exchange of nutrients, dissolved gases, and waste products which occur through their walls? a. veins b. capillaries c. arterioles d. venules BACK TO GAME

b. visceral pericardium c. parietal pericardium d. pericardial sac Topic 1: $200 Question Which of the following consists of loose connective tissue that is bound to the cardiac muscle tissue of the heart? a. fibrous pericardium b. visceral pericardium c. parietal pericardium d. pericardial sac ANSWER BACK TO GAME

b. visceral pericardium c. parietal pericardium d. pericardial sac Topic 1: $200 Answer Which of the following consists of loose connective tissue that is bound to the cardiac muscle tissue of the heart? a. fibrous pericardium b. visceral pericardium c. parietal pericardium d. pericardial sac BACK TO GAME

a. The right atrium collects blood from the pulmonary circuit. Topic 1: $300 Question Which of the following statements regarding the cardiovascular system is/are true? a. The right atrium collects blood from the pulmonary circuit. b. The right ventricle ejects blood into the systemic circuit. c. When the heart beats, the atria contract first, followed by the ventricles. d. All of the above are true. ANSWER BACK TO GAME

a. The right atrium collects blood from the pulmonary circuit. Topic 1: $300 Answer Which of the following statements regarding the cardiovascular system is/are true? a. The right atrium collects blood from the pulmonary circuit. b. The right ventricle ejects blood into the systemic circuit. c. When the heart beats, the atria contract first, followed by the ventricles. d. All of the above are true. BACK TO GAME

a. fibrous pericardium and myocardium Topic 1: $400 Question Which of the following structures are, together, called the “pericardial sac?” a. fibrous pericardium and myocardium b. parietal pericardium and myocardium c. fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, and myocardium d. fibrous pericardium and parietal pericardium ANSWER BACK TO GAME

a. fibrous pericardium and myocardium Topic 1: $400 Answer Which of the following structures are, together, called the “pericardial sac?” a. fibrous pericardium and myocardium b. parietal pericardium and myocardium c. fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, and myocardium d. fibrous pericardium and parietal pericardium BACK TO GAME

c. Pericardial fluid is secreted by the myocardium. Topic 1: $500 Question Which of the following statements regarding pericardial fluid is/are true? a. The pericardial cavity normally contains 30-50 ml of pericardial fluid. b. Pericardial fluid acts as a lubricant, reducing friction between the opposing surfaces. c. Pericardial fluid is secreted by the myocardium. d. All of the above are true. ANSWER BACK TO GAME

c. Pericardial fluid is secreted by the myocardium. Topic 1: $500 Answer Which of the following statements regarding pericardial fluid is/are true? a. The pericardial cavity normally contains 30-50 ml of pericardial fluid. b. Pericardial fluid acts as a lubricant, reducing friction between the opposing surfaces. c. Pericardial fluid is secreted by the myocardium. d. All of the above are true. BACK TO GAME

The myocardium is/does not: Topic 2: $100 Question The myocardium is/does not: a. contain layers of cardiac muscle tissue that form figure-eights as they pass form atrium to atrium. b. associated with connective tissues and nerves. c. continuous with the endothelium of the attached blood vessels. d. consist of multiple, interlocking layers of cardiac muscle tissue. ANSWER BACK TO GAME

The myocardium is/does not: Topic 2: $100 Answer The myocardium is/does not: a. contain layers of cardiac muscle tissue that form figure-eights as they pass form atrium to atrium. b. associated with connective tissues and nerves. c. continuous with the endothelium of the attached blood vessels. d. consist of multiple, interlocking layers of cardiac muscle tissue. BACK TO GAME

Topic 2: $200 Question Which of the following statements regarding cardiac muscle tissue is/are false? a. Cardiac muscle cells are almost totally dependent on anaerobic respiration to obtain the energy needed to continue contracting. b. The circulatory supply of cardiac muscle tissue is more extensive than that of skeletal muscle tissue. c. The relatively short T-tubules of cardiac muscle do not form triads with the sarcoplasmic reticulum. d. b and c ANSWER BACK TO GAME

Topic 2: $200 Answer Which of the following statements regarding cardiac muscle tissue is/are false? a. Cardiac muscle cells are almost totally dependent on anaerobic respiration to obtain the energy needed to continue contracting. b. The circulatory supply of cardiac muscle tissue is more extensive than that of skeletal muscle tissue. c. The relatively short T-tubules of cardiac muscle do not form triads with the sarcoplasmic reticulum. d. b and c BACK TO GAME

Topic 2: $300 Question Which of the following structures in cardiac muscle are bound together by desmosomes (macula adherens)? a. T-tubules b. sarcolemmae c. myofibrils d. intercalated discs ANSWER BACK TO GAME

Topic 2: $300 Answer Which of the following structures in cardiac muscle are bound together by desmosomes (macula adherens)? a. T-tubules b. sarcolemmae c. myofibrils d. intercalated discs BACK TO GAME

a. mechanically, chemically, and electrically Topic 2: $400 Question Cardiac muscle cells are connected to one another via which of the following ways? a. mechanically, chemically, and electrically b. chemically and electrically only c. mechanically and electrically only d. mechanically and chemically only ANSWER BACK TO GAME

a. mechanically, chemically, and electrically Topic 2: $400 Answer Cardiac muscle cells are connected to one another via which of the following ways? a. mechanically, chemically, and electrically b. chemically and electrically only c. mechanically and electrically only d. mechanically and chemically only BACK TO GAME

a. It distributes the forces of contraction. Topic 2: $500 Question Which of the following is not a function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart? a. It distributes the forces of contraction. b. It physically isolates the atrial muscle cells from the ventricular muscle cells. c. It provides physical support for the cardiocytes and for the blood vessels and nerves in the epicardium. d. All of the above are functions of the fibrous skeleton. ANSWER BACK TO GAME

a. It distributes the forces of contraction. Topic 2: $500 Answer Which of the following is not a function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart? a. It distributes the forces of contraction. b. It physically isolates the atrial muscle cells from the ventricular muscle cells. c. It provides physical support for the cardiocytes and for the blood vessels and nerves in the epicardium. d. All of the above are functions of the fibrous skeleton. BACK TO GAME

Topic 3: $100 Question A large percentage of the sternocostal surface of the heart is comprised by the: a. left ventricle b. right ventricle c. left atrium d. right atrium ANSWER BACK TO GAME

Topic 3: $100 Answer A large percentage of the sternocostal surface of the heart is comprised by the: a. left ventricle b. right ventricle c. left atrium d. right atrium BACK TO GAME

Topic 3: $200 Question The ____ of the heart sits posterior to the sternum at the level of the ____ costal cartilage, centered about 1.2 cm to the left side. a. apex, fifth b. base, third c. apex, fourth d. base, fifth ANSWER BACK TO GAME

Topic 3: $200 Answer The ____ of the heart sits posterior to the sternum at the level of the ____ costal cartilage, centered about 1.2 cm to the left side. a. apex, fifth b. base, third c. apex, fourth d. base, fifth BACK TO GAME

Which of the following mainly forms the inferior border of the heart? Topic 3: $300 Question Which of the following mainly forms the inferior border of the heart? a. the inferior walls of both ventricles b. the inferior wall of the left ventricle c. the posterior interventricular sulcus d. the inferior wall of the right ventricle ANSWER BACK TO GAME

Which of the following mainly forms the inferior border of the heart? Topic 3: $300 Answer Which of the following mainly forms the inferior border of the heart? a. the inferior walls of both ventricles b. the inferior wall of the left ventricle c. the posterior interventricular sulcus d. the inferior wall of the right ventricle BACK TO GAME

Topic 3: $400 Question The connective tissue of which layer of the heart at the coronary and interventricular sulci usually contains substantial amounts of adipose tissue? a. epicardium b. myocardium c. endocardium d. fibrous pericardium ANSWER BACK TO GAME

Topic 3: $400 Answer The connective tissue of which layer of the heart at the coronary and interventricular sulci usually contains substantial amounts of adipose tissue? a. epicardium b. myocardium c. endocardium d. fibrous pericardium BACK TO GAME

Which structure marks the border between the atria and the ventricles? Topic 3: $500 Question Which structure marks the border between the atria and the ventricles? a. anterior interventricular sulcus b. interatrial groove c. coronary sulcus d. posterior interventricular sulcus ANSWER BACK TO GAME

Which structure marks the border between the atria and the ventricles? Topic 3: $500 Answer Which structure marks the border between the atria and the ventricles? a. anterior interventricular sulcus b. interatrial groove c. coronary sulcus d. posterior interventricular sulcus BACK TO GAME

d. right and left coronary arteries Topic 4: $100 Question Blood flows from the ascending aorta through the aortic arch into which of the following? a. ascending aorta b. aortic sinuses c. descending aorta d. right and left coronary arteries ANSWER BACK TO GAME

d. right and left coronary arteries Topic 4: $100 Answer Blood flows from the ascending aorta through the aortic arch into which of the following? a. ascending aorta b. aortic sinuses c. descending aorta d. right and left coronary arteries BACK TO GAME

a. ligamentum arteriosum, pulmonary valve Topic 4: $200 Question The superior end of the right ventricle tapers to a smooth-walled, cone-shaped pouch called the ___, which ends at the ____. a. ligamentum arteriosum, pulmonary valve b. ligamentum arteriosum, tricuspid valve c. conus arteriosus, pulmonary valve d. conus arteriosus, tricuspid valve ANSWER BACK TO GAME

a. ligamentum arteriosum, pulmonary valve Topic 4: $200 Answer The superior end of the right ventricle tapers to a smooth-walled, cone-shaped pouch called the ___, which ends at the ____. a. ligamentum arteriosum, pulmonary valve b. ligamentum arteriosum, tricuspid valve c. conus arteriosus, pulmonary valve d. conus arteriosus, tricuspid valve BACK TO GAME

a. pectinate muscles and papillary muscles Topic 4: $300 Question Which structures associated with the atrioventricular (AV) valves play an important role in the normal function of the AV valves during the cardiac cycle? a. pectinate muscles and papillary muscles b. chordae tendineae and pectinate muscles c. trabeculae carneae and papillary muscles d. chordae tendineae and papillary muscles ANSWER BACK TO GAME

a. pectinate muscles and papillary muscles Topic 4: $300 Answer Which structures associated with the atrioventricular (AV) valves play an important role in the normal function of the AV valves during the cardiac cycle? a. pectinate muscles and papillary muscles b. chordae tendineae and pectinate muscles c. trabeculae carneae and papillary muscles d. chordae tendineae and papillary muscles BACK TO GAME

b. right coronary artery c. circumflex branch d. left coronary artery Topic 4: $400 Question Which vessel branches off the ascending aorta, turns to the right, and passes between the right auricle and the pulmonary trunk? a. great cardiac vein b. right coronary artery c. circumflex branch d. left coronary artery ANSWER BACK TO GAME

b. right coronary artery c. circumflex branch d. left coronary artery Topic 4: $400 Answer Which vessel branches off the ascending aorta, turns to the right, and passes between the right auricle and the pulmonary trunk? a. great cardiac vein b. right coronary artery c. circumflex branch d. left coronary artery BACK TO GAME

a. right coronary artery b. left coronary artery c. coronary sinus Topic 4: $500 Question A small branch near the base of which vessel penetrates the atrial wall to reach the sinoatrial (SA) node? a. right coronary artery b. left coronary artery c. coronary sinus d. great cardiac vein ANSWER BACK TO GAME

a. right coronary artery b. left coronary artery c. coronary sinus Topic 4: $500 Answer A small branch near the base of which vessel penetrates the atrial wall to reach the sinoatrial (SA) node? a. right coronary artery b. left coronary artery c. coronary sinus d. great cardiac vein BACK TO GAME

During ventricular systole: Topic 5: $100 Question During ventricular systole: a. the atrioventricular valves open. b. ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure. c. atrial systole begins. d. All of the above. ANSWER BACK TO GAME

During ventricular systole: Topic 5: $100 Answer During ventricular systole: a. the atrioventricular valves open. b. ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure. c. atrial systole begins. d. All of the above. BACK TO GAME

a. cardiac pacemaker cells b. bundle of His (HIS) c. Purkinje fibers Topic 5: $200 Question Regarding the conducting system of the heart, the signal for contraction passes from the sinoatrial node to the atrioventricular node via which of the following? a. cardiac pacemaker cells b. bundle of His (HIS) c. Purkinje fibers d. internodal pathways ANSWER BACK TO GAME

a. cardiac pacemaker cells b. bundle of His (HIS) c. Purkinje fibers Topic 5: $200 Answer Regarding the conducting system of the heart, the signal for contraction passes from the sinoatrial node to the atrioventricular node via which of the following? a. cardiac pacemaker cells b. bundle of His (HIS) c. Purkinje fibers d. internodal pathways BACK TO GAME

a. The atria contract together, before the ventricles. Topic 5: $300 Question Which of the following statements regarding heart contraction is/are false? a. The atria contract together, before the ventricles. b. The ventricles contract together in a wave that begins at the base and spreads toward the apex. c. The stimulus for a contraction is generated at the sinoatrial (SA) node. d. None of the above is false. ANSWER BACK TO GAME

a. The atria contract together, before the ventricles. Topic 5: $300 Answer Which of the following statements regarding heart contraction is/are false? a. The atria contract together, before the ventricles. b. The ventricles contract together in a wave that begins at the base and spreads toward the apex. c. The stimulus for a contraction is generated at the sinoatrial (SA) node. d. None of the above is false. BACK TO GAME

Topic 5: $400 Question Regarding the electrocardiogram, which of the following indicates ventricular repolarization? a. P-wave b. QRS-complex c. T-wave d. (a) and (c) ANSWER BACK TO GAME

Topic 5: $400 Answer Regarding the electrocardiogram, which of the following indicates ventricular repolarization? a. P-wave b. QRS-complex c. T-wave d. (a) and (c) BACK TO GAME

Topic 5: $500 Question Which of the following statements regarding autonomic control of the heart rate is/are true? a. Cardiac centers in the pons contain the autonomic centers for cardiac control. b. Stimulation of the cardioinhibitory center governs the activities of parasympathetic neurons. c. The cardiac centers receive input from the hypothalamic sympathetic and parasympathetic centers. d. (b) and (c) ANSWER BACK TO GAME

Topic 5: $500 Answer Which of the following statements regarding autonomic control of the heart rate is/are true? a. Cardiac centers in the pons contain the autonomic centers for cardiac control. b. Stimulation of the cardioinhibitory center governs the activities of parasympathetic neurons. c. The cardiac centers receive input from the hypothalamic sympathetic and parasympathetic centers. d. (b) and (c) BACK TO GAME

FINAL ROUND Question Which of the following indicates the correct order of steps of the movement of the contractile stimulus through the heart? 1 - The impulse travels along the interventricular septum within the AV bundle and the bundle branches to the Purkinje fibers, and, via the moderator band, to the papillary muscles of the right ventricle. 2 - Stimulus spreads across the atrial surfaces and reaches the AV node. 3 - SA node activity and atrial activation begin. 4 - The impulse is distributed by Purkinje fibers and relayed throughout the ventricular myocardium. 5 - There is a 100-msec delay at the AV node. a. 3-1-2-5-4 b. 3-5-2-1-4 c. 4-1-5-2-3 d. 3-2-5-1-4 ANSWER BACK TO GAME

FINAL ROUND Answer Which of the following indicates the correct order of steps of the movement of the contractile stimulus through the heart? 1 - The impulse travels along the interventricular septum within the AV bundle and the bundle branches to the Purkinje fibers, and, via the moderator band, to the papillary muscles of the right ventricle. 2 - Stimulus spreads across the atrial surfaces and reaches the AV node. 3 - SA node activity and atrial activation begin. 4 - The impulse is distributed by Purkinje fibers and relayed throughout the ventricular myocardium. 5 - There is a 100-msec delay at the AV node. a. 3-1-2-5-4 b. 3-5-2-1-4 c. 4-1-5-2-3 d. 3-2-5-1-4 BACK TO GAME