Fig. 1 The non-genomic effects of E<sub>2</sub> on aggressive behavior are seasonally variable in songbirds and mice. Bar graphs (mean ± SEM) representing.

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Fig. 1 The non-genomic effects of E<sub>2</sub> on aggressive behavior are seasonally variable in songbirds and mice. Bar graphs (mean ± SEM) representing a significant rapid (within 20–25 min) effect of E<sub>2</sub> on (A) the number of barrier contacts made by male song sparrows during a 10-min STI and (B) the number of offensive attacks made by male Peromyscus mice during a 7-min resident-intruder test. E2 administration rapidly increased aggressive behavior in non-breeding sparrows and in mice housed under short days, but not in breeding sparrows or in mice housed under long days, suggesting that E2 promotes aggression via a non-genomic mechanism in winter. *P ≤ 0.05 (CON versus E2). Modified from Trainor et al. (2007a) and Heimovics et al. (2015). From: Rapid Effects of Estradiol on Aggression in Birds and Mice: The Fast and the Furious Integr Comp Biol. 2015;55(2):281-293. doi:10.1093/icb/icv048 Integr Comp Biol | © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions please email: journals.permissions@oup.com. 1