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Section 2: Climate and Vegetation Visual Summary Introduction Section 1: The Land Section 2: Climate and Vegetation Visual Summary Chapter Menu

Africa south of the Sahara is a region of dramatic landforms and tremendous natural resources. A study of its physical geography will explain some of the processes that have shaped and continue to shape the diverse landscapes, climates, and vegetation of Africa south of the Sahara. Chapter Intro 1

Section 1: The Land Physical processes shape Earth’s surface. Africa south of the Sahara was formed millions of years ago by various physical processes that continue to influence and shape the region today. Chapter Intro 2

Section 2: Climate and Vegetation Physical processes shape Earth’s surface. Location near the Equator, elevation, rainfall, and ocean air masses influence the region’s climates and natural vegetation. Chapter Intro 3

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The Land This section discusses the landforms, water systems, and natural resources of Africa south of the Sahara and the physical processes that have shaped them. Section 1-GTR

The Land rift valley desertification delta estuary fault escarpment cataract region network Section 1-GTR

The Land A. Great Rift Valley B. Lake Tanganyika C. Ruwenzori Mountains D. Drakensberg Range E. Lake Victoria F. Niger River G. Zambezi River H. Victoria Falls I. Congo River Section 1-GTR

The Land Can you explain why writer David Quamman refers to Africa as “a million places”? A. Yes B. No C. Somewhat A B C Section 1

Landforms Africa south of the Sahara is a region of step-like plateaus, rising to mountains and slashed in the east by a rift valley, which was formed by shifting tectonic plates. The Great Rift Valley: Kilimanjaro Lake Tanganyika Lake Malawi The Great Rift Valley Section 1

Landforms (cont.) Mountains and plateaus: This region is a series of plateaus that rise in elevation from the coast inland and from west to east. Ethiopian Highlands Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya Ruwenzori Mountains Drakensberg Range Section 1

Which mountains are referred to as the “Mountains of the Moon”? A. Ruwenzori B. Drakensberg Range C. The Alps D. Mount Kenya A B C D Section 1

Water Systems Landforms and physical processes have influenced the region’s water systems, which include deep lakes, spectacular waterfalls, and great rivers. Land of lakes: Lakes Tanganyika and Malawi Section 1

Water Systems (cont.) Lake Victoria—world’s second-largest freshwater lake Lake Chad—threatened with extinction Section 1

Water Systems (cont.) A Human-made lake: Lake Volta River basins: Niger Zambezi Congo Water Systems in Africa South of the Sahara Section 1

Which of following is a benefit due to Lake Volta? A. Irrigation for farming B. Fish supply C. Hydroelectric power D. All of the above A B C D Section 1

Natural Resources Mineral resources and water are among the region’s most abundant natural resources. The wealth of natural resources is not distributed evenly among the region’s countries. Section 1

Natural Resources (cont.) Mineral resources—copper, iron ore, manganese, zinc, uranium Half the world’s gold lies in Africa. Diamonds Water Solar power African vs. U.S. Crude Oil Reserves Section 1

How much of the world’s oil is located in Africa? A. 4% B. 10% C. 25% Section 1

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Climate and Vegetation Location near the Equator, elevation, rainfall, and ocean air masses influence the region’s climates and natural vegetation. Section 2-GTR

Climate and Vegetation leach harmattan savanna maximum recover undergone Section 2-GTR

Climate and Vegetation A. Serengeti Plain B. Sahel C. Namib Desert D. Kalahari Desert Section 2-GTR

Climate and Vegetation Which of the following influences this region’s climate and natural vegetation? A. Location near the Equator B. Elevation C. Ocean air masses D. Rainfall E. All of the above A B C D E Section 2

Tropical Climates The region’s location in the Tropics near the Equator influences its climate and vegetation. Tropical climates: Tropical wet Tropical dry—savanna; Serengeti Plain Africa South of the Sahara: Climate Regions Section 2

Is the harmattan located in the tropical wet or tropical dry climate? A. Wet B. Dry C. Both A B C Section 2

Dry Climates The dry climates of Africa south of the Sahara are located in the north and south. Dry climates: Steppe—Sahel Desert—Namib, Kalahari The Steppe as Transition Zone Section 2

Dry Climates (cont.) Possible reasons for desertification: Climate change Human land use and animal activities Section 2

Dry Climates (cont.) Midlatitude climates: Marine west coast—Southern coastal areas Humid subtropical—Southern coastal areas Mediterranean—Cape Town Highland—areas in East Africa Section 2

Which climate region is a transition zone between two other regions? A. Desert B. Tropical dry C. Steppe D. Highland A B C D Section 2

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Splits into a large delta in southern Nigeria A. Niger River Main artery in western Africa; a major means of transportation for people in the area Splits into a large delta in southern Nigeria Flows through tropical and dry climate regions VS 1

B. Eastern Highlands and Mountains Stretch from Ethiopia almost to the Cape of Good Hope Include Ethiopian Highlands as well as volcanic summits of Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya Ruwenzori Mountains are located in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Drakensberg Range in South Africa VS 2

Formed by the shifting of tectonic plates C. Great Rift Valley Formed by the shifting of tectonic plates Stretches from Syria in Southwest Asia to Mozambique in the southeastern part of Africa Lakes Tanganyika, Malawi, and Victoria located in or near Great Rift Valley VS 3

Among the largest human-made lakes in the world D. Lake Volta Among the largest human-made lakes in the world Powers hydroelectric plant that generates electricity used throughout Ghana Important for crop irrigation VS 4

Forms largest network of navigable waterways on the continent E. Congo River Forms largest network of navigable waterways on the continent Reaches the sea through a deep estuary, which is easily navigated by oceangoing ships Flows through rain forests in tropical wet climate region VS 5

Hot weather with little rainfall F. Deserts Namib Desert located along coast in southern Africa; Kalahari Desert located in interior of southern Africa Hot weather with little rainfall Deserts support some plant, animal, and human life VS 6

Edges of African plateaus marked by steep, jagged slopes or cliffs G. Escarpments Edges of African plateaus marked by steep, jagged slopes or cliffs Most escarpments located close to coast Rivers flowing across plateaus plunge down escarpments in waterfalls VS 7

About half the world’s gold deposits in South Africa H. Diamonds and Gold Major diamond deposits found in South Africa, Botswana, and Congo River basin About half the world’s gold deposits in South Africa VS 8

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DFS Trans 1

DFS Trans 2

rift valley a crack in the Earth’s surface created by shifting Vocab1

fault a crack or break in the Earth’s crust Vocab2

escarpment steep cliff or slope between a higher and lower land surface Vocab3

cataract a large waterfall Vocab4

desertification process in which arable land is turned into desert Vocab5

delta alluvial deposit at a river’s mouth that looks like the Greek letter delta (Δ) Vocab6

estuary an area where the tide meets a river current Vocab7

leach to wash nutrients out of the soil Vocab8

savanna a tropical grassland containing scattered trees Vocab9

harmattan a dust-laden wind on the Atlantic coast of Africa in some seasons Vocab10

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