DoD-OFDA Coordination During Humanitarian Assistance/Disaster Relief (HA/DR) Operations Sergio Luna US Agency for International Development Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance seluna@ofda.gov

Corporations & Communities HOST NATION SECURITY FORCES A Challenging Environment: The Fog of Relief Corporations & Communities UNOCHA NGO HOST NATION SECURITY FORCES USG NGO WFP NGO NGO OTHER DONORS UNHCR IOM ICRC NGO Host Nation Response Authorities INTERNATIONAL POLICE PRESENCE UNDP Other Nation Military Affected Country Requirements

1961 - Foreign Assistance Act: Mandated the creation of USAID Authorities for USG International Disaster Assistance 1961 - Foreign Assistance Act: Mandated the creation of USAID 1964 - Congress authorizes the President to appoint a: Coordinator for International Disaster Assistance ….This responsibility is delegated to: USAID-OFDA Director

OFDA’s Mandate Save Lives Alleviate Human Suffering Reduce the Economic and Social Impact of Disasters

OFDA’s Role in a Disaster Response OFDA is the USG lead for organizing and managing foreign disaster assistance. Develops overall response strategy Provides on-scene management in support of U.S. Ambassador Provides USG funding to implementing partners Collects and analyzes humanitarian information on the response Primary reporting source for the total USG response When necessary, OFDA requests support from other USG agencies (including DoD) in an HA/DR.

Three Criteria for Disaster Response

Who Can Declare a Disaster for the USG? U.S. Ambassador or designee, i.e. the Chief of Mission (COM) Assistant Secretary of State for the Region – in D.C.

OFDA’s 3 Response Categories Personnel & Services Funding Commodities

OFDA Response: Funding Commodities Personnel & Services Grants…most of OFDA’s $$ goes to grants Recipients are OFDA implementing partners (UN, NGOs, IOs) Reviewed, awarded, and monitored by OFDA Provided based on humanitarian needs

OFDA Response: Commodities Funding Commodities Personnel & Services OFDA stockpiles of humanitarian commodities: Pisa, Italy (50,000 sq. ft.) Subang, Malaysia (7,000 sq. feet) SUBANG Miami (30,000 sq. ft..) Dubai, UAE (38,000 sq. ft.)

OFDA Response: Commodities Funding Commodities Personnel & Services OFDA Stockpiles: Plastic sheeting Blankets Water bladders/ containers Water treatment units/aquatabs Hygiene kits Kitchen sets Other items OFDA doesn’t do food (shelf life, storage, security)

Transportation of OFDA Commodities Funding Commodities Personnel & Services Variety of Delivery Methods Competitive Bid Process Air Charter Air Freight DoD (when unique capacity) Options for Distribution UN, NGO Host Nation

OFDA Response: FY16 presence Funding Commodities Personnel & Services Regional Advisor / Regional Team:  OFDA Regional Offices:  Africa – Nairobi, Kenya; Dakar, Senegal; and Pretoria, South Africa  Asia/Pacific – Bangkok, Thailand  Latin America – San Jose, Costa Rica  Europe, Middle East, Central Asia – Budapest, Hungary Assessment Teams: - Humanitarian situation, - Emergency needs, - Gaps, - Capacities - Resources

OFDA Response: Personnel Funding Commodities Personnel & Services Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART) What is a DART? Rapid Response Team C2 Organization Not a standing organization Flexible and scalable Least used response option, though has the highest visibility

OFDA Response: Personnel Funding Commodities Personnel & Services Response Management Team (RMT) What is an RMT? DC-based Operations Center Event-specific, on- call team Not a standing organization Primary liaison with DART in the field May include interagency representatives

DoD-OFDA HA/DR Coordination Concept of Operations Communication and Linkage of Personnel Process for Requesting DoD Assistance Clarify the Mission Clarify the RFA Process Defining the End State

Concept of Operations Need for assistance Time International military and Civil Defense assets International civilian relief Local/National response (including military) Time

OFDA – Military Cooperation: FY 2007 to 2015 90 80 USG declared disasters 80 77 73 70 67 DoD FDR in declared disasters 63 63 60 60 52 49 50 8% 4 40 30 20 15% 11 11% 9 6.5% 6% 6% 5% 2% 8% 10 5 4 4 5 3 1 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

OFDA – Military Cooperation: Select Examples Since 2005 2005: Pakistan Earthquake 2006: Philippines Mudslides 2006: Indonesia Earthquake 2006: Lebanon CE 2007: Bangladesh Cyclone 2008: Burma Cyclone 2008: Philippines Typhoon 2008: Georgia CE 2009: Pakistan CE 2009: Philippines Typhoon 2009: Indonesia Earthquake 2010: Haiti Earthquake 2010: Kyrgyzstan CE 2010: Pakistan Floods 2011: Japan EQ/Tsunami 2012: Philippines Typhoon 2013: Philippines Typhoon 2014: Iraq Complex Emergency 2014/15: West Africa Ebola 2015: Nepal Earthquake 2016: Ecuador Earthquake 2017: Haiti Hurricane

OFDA and DoD Communicate at Multiple Levels Defense Department OFDA Washington OSD: Authority DSCA: Funding Joint Staff: Capability Military Liaison Team OSD & JS Liaisons RMT Staff Combatant Command Combatant Command Develops Courses of Action Issues Orders OFDA Humanitarian Assistance Advisor/Military Joint Task Force (JTF) OFDA Response Team Implements Orders DART Leader OFDA Civ-Mil Advisor

Requesting DOD Support Exception: Commander can respond immediately to save lives if assets on hand (72 hr rule) For USG response, US Ambassador validates emergency HN requests/will accept USG aid HN overwhelmed In interest of USG HN requests assistance from international community (other nations, NGOs, IOs, regional response mechanisms, etc..) State or USAID request DOD support and may provide $$$ (Via EXECSEC Memo request or letter/ interagency agreement) SECDEF approves HA/DR AMB issues disaster declaration cable HN Responds Joint Staff tasks CCMD (CJCS EXORD) USAID/OFDA responds as Federal Lead Disaster Occurs CCMD responds in support of USAID/OFDA

Relationships during Foreign Disaster Responses US Ambassador Geographic Combatant Commander USAID/OFDA Director in DC Supporting - Supported JTF Commander DART Team Leader

Clarify the Mission Wholesale vs. Retail ﹘Large capacity airlift ﹘Airfield and port management ﹘Off-loading and trans-loading ﹘Moving supplies and people ﹘Helicopter and air support ﹘Engineering assessments* ﹘Security*

Fairfax County USAR loading equipment onto a C-5 in route to Kenya after the Embassy bombing in Nairobi, Kenya, in 1998

Clarify the Mission Wholesale Vs. Retail ﹘Food/commodities distribution ﹘Camp management ﹘Health/water and sanitation programs ﹘Processing/ screening/tracing of displaced persons ﹘Vaccinations

Pull not push system Clarify the Mission Needs-based NOT capabilities based assistance Consignee identified in advance No potentially harmful goods Air drops seldom used OFDA validates USG commodities

The Request for Assistance (RFA) Process RFA’s to DoD through Mission Tasking Matrix (MITAM) form MITAM provides DoD validated and prioritized mission assignments MITAM tracks MOP so units can recoup $$ Process Ensures that DoD’s HA/DR efforts are appropriate

Mission Tasking Matrix: MITAM Standard, field-tested process for validating, prioritizing, and submitting RFA’s for DoD support. (~ MITAM sometimes FRAGOed)

The MITAM Process Validate Vet Prioritize (MITAM) Execute Report Plan Organizations Requesting Assistance with Humanitarian Efforts: USG Organization or Implementing Partner (UN, NGO, etc.) Other Donors, UN Agency, or NGO not directly funded by the USG Host Nation Civilian Organizations Host Nation Military Submit Request for Assistance (RFA) to OFDA OFDA Civ-Mil Coordinator: Validate Vet Prioritize Submits Mission Tasking Matrix (MITAM) to DOD DOD Responding Unit: Execute Report Non- humanitarian requests Plan

End State Considerations The Host nation capacity is sufficient The International civilian capacity is sufficient The capabilities of DoD are no longer needed or no longer unique

End State Realities Potential Realities Affected countries may say it is time for foreign militaries to leave The ambassador determines no more need for DOD forces SECDEF issues redeployment order No more MITAMs It is always best to leave: Before you are asked While you are still liked

QUESTIONS ?