Agents of erosion and deposition Water- smooth and round Wind- flat edge with holes Glaciers- “scraped” with visible lines Gravity- all shapes and sizes

Gravity & Glaciers DO NOT SORT. Wind SORTS. Water sorts by size, shape, and density.

What factors effect the speed of water in a river? Volume of water Gradient of land Shape of river

River’s mouth Ocean or Lake

Permeability describes if water can infiltrate the ground. Saturated soil, OR certain shape and size sediments, may make it impermeable.

The smaller a sediment is the easier water can climb. Capillarity describes if water can climb particles The smaller a sediment is the easier water can climb.

The amount of open space in soil (for air or water) is called Porosity. More porous Less porous Packing of Grains Flatter sediments are less porous Shape of Grains Small sediment fills in pores Mixed Sizes of Grains

Landscapes Mountains Landscapes have similar origin and development. Origin is geology. Development is climate Plateaus Plains or Lowlands Mountains

RIVER GLACIER Both are found in NYS!

WHY? WHY? Where does EROSION dominate? Where is DEPOSITION dominant? Inside Outside WHY? Where is DEPOSITION dominant?

The block diagram shows a landscape region. Which stream drainage pattern would most likely develop at the surface of this region?

100 centimeter per second are The sediments that CANNOT be eroded by a stream traveling at a velocity of 100 centimeter per second are boulders only (2) pebbles, sand, silt, and clay (3) pebbles and sand only (4) boulders and cobbles only

Which New York Landscape Region is shown Runoff in our area drains to the catchment (drainage) basin associated with Long Island Sound. Which New York Landscape Region is shown on the map? (1) Erie-Ontario Lowlands (3) Allegheny Plateau (2) Atlantic Coastal Plain (4) Newark Lowlands

The letters A through D in the cross section represent four of the processes that are part of the water cycle. Which table correctly matches each letter with the process that it represents?

Which two layers of sediments were probably The cross section shows layers of sediments deposited in a region of Wisconsin that has experienced several periods of glaciation. Descriptions of the sediments in layers A through F are included. Which two layers of sediments were probably deposited directly by glaciers? (1) A and D (3) C and E (2) B and F (4) D and E

Which characteristic would most likely remain constant when a limestone cobble is subjected to extensive abrasion? (1) shape (3) volume (2) mass (4) composition

Which graph best represents the relationship between the slope of a river and the particle size that can be transported by that river?

Which cross section best shows the pattern of sediments deposited by a stream as it enters an ocean?

The diagram represents 3 identical beakers filled to the same level with spherical beads. If the packing of the beads within each beaker is the same, which graph best represents the porosity within each beaker?

The diagram represents four identical columns filled with sediments of uniform shape and packing. They are placed over empty glass beakers. If water is poured into each column, which column is the least permeable to infiltration? 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D

The diagram represents four identical columns filled with sediments of uniform shape and packing. They are placed over empty glass beakers. If water is poured into each column, which will exhibit the least retention of water? 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D

Which agent of erosion was primarily responsible for forming the long, narrow, U-shaped valleys in the Finger Lakes region of New York State? Wind (2) Landslides (3) meandering streams (4) continental glaciers

Which factor will increase the amount of chemical weathering in an environment? air temperature decreases and precipitation decreases (2) air temperature decreases and precipitation increases (3) air temperature increases and precipitation decreases (4) air temperature increases and precipitation increases

eroded by running water in the ancient past? RIVER! What evidence shown at location A suggests that the channel in the bedrock was eroded by running water in the ancient past?

Which landscape surface resulted primarily from erosion by glaciers?

The map shows a meandering stream The map shows a meandering stream. Points A, B, C, and D represent locations along the stream bottom. At which location is the greatest amount of sediment most likely being deposited? (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D

The map shows a meandering stream The map shows a meandering stream. Points A, B, C, and D represent locations along the stream bottom. At which location is the greatest amount of sediment most likely being eroded? (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D

The diagram represents four identical columns filled with sediments of uniform shape and packing. They are placed over empty glass beakers. If water drains from each column, which will require the most time for drainage? 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D

The diagram represents four identical columns filled with sediments of uniform shape and packing. They are placed over empty glass beakers. If each beaker is filled with water, which column will display the greatest capillarity? 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D

(2) a decrease in rainfall (3) an increase in biologic activity The cross section shows soil layer X, which was formed from underlying bedrock. Which change would most likely cause soil layer X to increase in thickness? (1) a decrease in slope (2) a decrease in rainfall (3) an increase in biologic activity (4) an increase in air pressure

A stream flowing at a velocity of 200 cm/sec is transporting sediment particles ranging in size from clay to cobbles. Which particles will be deposited by the stream if its velocity decreases to 100 cm/sec? cobbles, only (2) cobbles and some pebbles, only (3) cobbles, pebbles, and some sand, only (4) cobbles, pebbles, sand, silt, and clay

Old Forge and Watertown, located at nearly the same latitude in New York State, have very different landscapes. Which factor is primarily responsible for these landscape differences? (1) average annual temperature (2) average annual precipitation (3) bedrock structure (4) soil characteristics

Sediments found in glacial moraines are best described as (1) sorted and layered (2) sorted and not layered (3) unsorted and layered (4) unsorted and not layered

WHY? The data table at left shows the diameters of three particles made of the same uniform material. These particles were carried by a stream into a lake. Indicate the expected pattern of deposition of the three particles by placing the letters A, B, and C in the appropriate boxes along the lake bottom. B A C

The table shows the density of four mineral samples. If the shape and size of the four mineral samples are the same, which mineral will settle most slowly in water? (1) cinnabar (3) quartz (2) magnetite (4) siderite

Which characteristic would most likely remain constant when a limestone cobble is subjected to extensive abrasion? (1) shape (3) volume (2) mass (4) composition

100 centimeter per second are The sediments that CANNOT be eroded by a stream traveling at a velocity of 100 centimeter per second are boulders only (2) pebbles, sand, silt, and clay (3) pebbles and sand only (4) boulders and cobbles only

The map below shows a meandering stream The map below shows a meandering stream. Points A, B, C, and D represent locations along the stream bottom. At which location is the greatest amount of sediment most likely being eroded? (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D

The block diagrams below show two landscape regions labeled A and B. What is the most probable cause of the difference in surface features between A and B? A is the result of a humid climate, while B is the result of a dry climate. (2) A is at a high elevation, while B is located at sea level. (3) A is a plateau region, while B is a mountainous region. (4) A is composed of igneous bedrock, while B is composed of sedimentary bedrock. landscapes

Which process was primarily responsible for the The map below shows the large delta that formed as the Mississippi River emptied into the Gulf of Mexico. Which process was primarily responsible for the formation of the delta? (1) glacial erosion (2) cementation of sediment (3) deposition of sediment (4) mass movement

48 Which agent of erosion transported the Base your answers to questions 48 through 50 on the map of Long Island, New York. AB, CD, EF, and GH are reference lines on the map. 48 Which agent of erosion transported the sediments that formed the moraines shown on the map? (1) water (3) ice (2) wind (4) mass movement

49 The cross section below represents the sediments beneath the land surface along one of the reference lines shown on the map. Along which reference line was the cross section taken? (1) AB (2) CD (3) EF (4) GH

50 A major difference between sediments in the outwash and sediments in the moraines is that the sediments deposited in the outwash are (1) larger (3) more angular (2) sorted (4) older

(1) melting and solidification (2) weathering and biologic activity The cross section shows layers of soil. Which two processes produced the layer of dark brown to black soil?   (1) melting and solidification (2) weathering and biologic activity (3) erosion and uplifting (4) compaction and cementation

How fast must a river move to erode an average sized piece of sand? Approx. 2 cm/s

How fast must a river move to erode a 0.07 cm piece of sand? Approx. 4 cm/s

The map below shows a meandering stream The map below shows a meandering stream. Points A, B, C, and D represent locations along the stream bottom. At which location is the greatest amount of sediment most likely being deposited? (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D

The photograph below shows farm buildings partially buried in silt. Which erosional agent most likely piled the silt against these buildings? (1) glacial ice (3) wind (2) ocean waves (4) mass movement

The sedimentary rocks conglomerate and breccia are shown below ABRASION! They are the same in most respects, except for the fact that one was formed in water and the other was not. Which formed in water and how can you tell? (1) Breccia, because it has angular fragments (2) Conglomerate, because it has angular fragments (3) Breccia, because it has rounded fragments (4) Conglomerate, because it has rounded fragments

Each of the rock particles below has the same density and volume Each of the rock particles below has the same density and volume. Which particle will most likely settle at the fastest rate in moving water?

The landscape diagram below shows a fan-shaped pattern of sediment deposits. The fan-shaped pattern of these sediments is most likely the result of deposition by (1) glacial ice (3) running water (2) ocean waves (4) prevailing winds

1 centimeter per second are The sediments that can be eroded by a stream traveling at a velocity of 1 centimeter per second are boulders only (2) pebbles, sand, silt, and clay (3) sand and silt only (4) sand, silt and clay

A student classified the rock as sedimentary. Which observation about the rock best supports this classification? (1) The rock is composed of several minerals. (2) The rock has a vesicular texture. (3) The rock contains fragments of other rocks. (4) The rock shows distorted and stretched pebbles.

What is the name of the feature forming at location X? The diagram shows a laboratory stream table. A mixture of sediment was placed on the stream table. A short time after the faucet was turned on, a deposit of sediment began forming at location X at the lower end of the stream table. What is the name of the feature forming at location X? (1) V-shaped valley (2) meander (4) floodplain (3) delta

The diagrams below represent four different examples of one process that transports sediments. Which process is shown in these diagrams? chemical weathering (3) faulting (2) uplifting (4) erosion “mass wasting”

The amount of chemical weathering will increase if Which type of weathering is most common where the average yearly temperature is 20°C and the average yearly precipitation is 45 cm? The amount of chemical weathering will increase if moderate chemical weathering (2) very slight weathering (3) moderate chemical weathering with frost action (4) slight frost action air temperature decreases and precipitation decreases (2) air temperature decreases and precipitation increases (3) air temperature increases and precipitation decreases (4) air temperature increases and precipitation increases

Outside! The map below shows a meandering river. Points A and B are locations on the banks of the river. What are the dominant processes occurring at locations A and B? (1) deposition at location A; erosion at location B (2) erosion at location A; deposition at location B (3) deposition at both locations A and B Outside! (4) erosion at both locations A and B

How did the arch most likely form? The photograph here shows an arch of rock located in the western United States. How did the arch most likely form? 1) The bedrock in the arch was more resistant to weathering and erosion than the surrounding bedrock that was removed. 2) An earthquake forced bedrock upward into the shape of an arch. 3) Sand and gravel were deposited and compacted in the shape of an arch. 4) An underground glacier tunneled through the bedrock.

The demonstration shown in the diagram indicates that powdered limestone reacts faster than a single large piece of limestone of equal mass when both are placed in acid. The most likely reason powdered limestone reacts faster is that it has 1) less total volume 3) more total surface area 2) more chemical bonds 4) lower density The “inside” got more exposed

100 centimeters per second are The largest sediment particles that can be transported by a stream traveling at a velocity of 100 centimeters per second are boulders (2) cobbles (3) pebbles (4) sand

A stream flowing at a velocity of 200 cm/sec is transporting sediment particles ranging in size from clay to cobbles. Which particles will be deposited by the stream if its velocity decreases to 100 cm/sec? cobbles, only (2) cobbles and some pebbles, only (3) cobbles, pebbles, and some sand, only (4) cobbles, pebbles, sand, silt, and clay

Which graph best represents the relationship between the slope of a river and the particle size that can be transported by that river? meanders

The table shows the density of four mineral samples. If the shape and size of the four mineral samples are the same, which mineral will settle most slowly in water? (1) cinnabar (3) quartz (2) magnetite (4) siderite hydro

The diagrams below represent three containers, A, B, and C, which were filled with equal volumes of uniformly sorted plastic beads. Water was poured into each container to determine porosity and infiltration time. Which data table best represents the porosity and infiltration time of the beads in the three containers?

Which agent of erosion created the U-shaped valley and the striations found in the flat rock on its floor? (1) Running water (3) Glacial ice (2) Mass wasting (4) Wind

Which Earth process is being modeled in this experiment? The weathering of four different rock samples with different masses was studied and recorded. Each rock sample was placed in a beaker containing a dilute acid for 10 minutes. Bubbling was observed in some of the beakers. Which Earth process is being modeled in this experiment? (1) physical weathering in the hydrosphere (2) chemical weathering in the hydrosphere (3) physical weathering in the mesosphere (4) chemical weathering in the mesosphere

Which property of the gneiss sample prevented it from weathering? The weathering of four different rock samples with different masses was studied and recorded. Each rock sample was placed in a beaker containing a dilute acid for 10 minutes. Bubbling was observed in some of the beakers. Which property of the gneiss sample prevented it from weathering? (1) texture (3) density (2) mineral composition (4) shape

A cross section of Niagara Falls is shown. Which two rock units appear to be most resistant to weathering and erosion? (1) Lockport dolostone and Whirlpool sandstone (2) Rochester shale and Albion sandstone and shale (3) Clinton limestone and shale and Queenston shale (4) Thorold sandstone and Queenston shale

The diagram shows a coastal region in which the land slopes toward the ocean. Point X is near the top of the hill, point Y is at the base of the hill, and point Z is a location at sea level. This stream is not shown in the diagram. Which diagram best shows the most probable path of the stream flowing from point X to point Z?