BLOCK 2 Lecture Professor Nora Martin Vetto DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS Review: venous thrombosis is the formation of a thrombus in association with inflammation of the vein. It is the most common disorder of the veins and is classified as either superficial vein thrombosis or deep vein thrombosis. BLOCK 2 Lecture Professor Nora Martin Vetto

Venous Thrombosis Superficial Venous Thrombosis: is formation of a thrombus in a superficial vein, usually the greater or lesser saphenous vein (largest vein in body, runs from top of foot to groin) Deep Vein Thrombosis: is a disorder involving a thrombus a deep vein, most commonly the iliac & femoral veins

Etiology Virchow’s triad: Three important factors in the etiology of venous thrombosis are: Venous stasis Damage of the endothelium lining (inner lining of the vein) Hypercoagulability of the blood

Etiology Continued Venous Stasis: normal venous blood flow depends on the actions of muscles in the extremities and the functional adequacy of venous valves, which allow flow in one direction. Critical thinking, which direction in veins? Endothelial Damage: Two types of injury Direct: surgery, trauma, burns, intravascular catheters Indirect: chemo, diabetes, sepsis Damaged endothelium stimulates platelet activation & starts the coagulation cascade, which predisposes the patient to thrombus development

Pathophysiology of Venous Thrombus Localized platelet aggregation & fibrin entrap RBCS, WBCs, and more platelets to form a thrombus Frequent site of thrombus formation is the valve cusps of veins, where venous stasis occurs As thrombus enlarges, increased number of blood cells & fibrin collect behind it This process produces a clot with a “tail” that eventually blocks the lumen of the vein If thrombus only partially blocks the vein, endothelial cells cover the thrombus & stop the thrombotic process Patho

Pathophysiology continued If the thrombus does not detach, it undergoes lysis or firmly organized & adhered within 5-7 days The organized thrombus may detach & result in a n embolus Turbulence of blood is major factor to embolization The thrombus may become an embolus that flows through venous circulation & to the heart & lodges in the pulmonary circulation becoming a PE Patho

Clinical Manifestations of VTE Lower extremities: may or may not have unilateral leg pain, edema, tenderness with palpation, sense of fullness in the calf, parasthesias, warmth, erythema, or elevated systemic temperature >100.4 Critical Thinking: If inferior vena cava is involved which extremities affected? Yes, lower parts of body If superior vena cava involved, which parts of body? (only 5-10% of VTE involve this area) Diagnosis- may be done with D-dimer, (normal <250) and ultrasound Manifestations

Collaborative Care Anticoagulants: Vitamin K antagonist (one is oral-warfarin/Coumadin) takes effect in 48-72 hours Indirect thrombin inhibitors unfractionated (one is Heparin) monitor aPTT (antidote is protamine) Low molecular weight Heparin (enoxaparin/Lovenox-regular coag studies not needed, nursing note-air bubble not expelled from sub-q needle before admin) Direct thrombin inhibitor synthetic (dabigatran/Pradaxa-do need to check aPTT), Factor Xa inhibitor (rivoroxaban/Xarelto) (coag studies not needed) Anticoagulants do not dissolve clots, but prevent formation of more and decrease spread of existing clot(s) Implantable filters-inserted right femoral or right internal jugular veins, trap clots & allow blood flow, critical thinking? Complication? (Greenfield Filter is popular brand name) Surgical Therapy- venous thrombectomy, but most patients are managed with meds Care

Nursing Management Assessment: patient presenting with thrombus Subjective: past med hx, meds, injuries, is patient obese, prolonged bed rest, etc., ask prolonged travel? Objective: general-fever? Pain? Integumentary? Increased size of extremity compared to opposing, warm, red, tender, but remember some patients present no observable changes Diagnostics: CBC, clotting times, d-Dimer, duplex ultrasound Nursing Diagnoses: one is “acute pain related to venous congestion, impaired venous return & inflammation” Nursing Plan: pain relief, decreased edema, no bleeding complications Nursing Implementation: acute care is reduction of inflammation, and preventing more clots, with medication therapy? Observe for increased bleeding- where? What changes in VS with bleeding? Home Care-teach modification of risk factors, wt loss, smoking cessation compression stockings, teach side effects of meds, may eat Vitamin K enriched foods (but avoid supplements & green tea), hydrate well to avoid hypercoagulability of blood, physical activity such as walking and swimming (water has even pressure on body, so is gentle) Nursing Management