Mapping & Geography “Writing the World” geo = world or earth graph = to write or to chart Part I Themes of Geography

Geography Basics Geography: the study or charting of the Earth Continent: one of several large landmasses on earth which usually include: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia 4 oceans: Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic Hemisphere: Any half of the earth The world has 4 hemispheres: Eastern, Western, Northern, Southern 2

The World “divided” What are the 7 continents, 4 oceans, Hemispheres, Equator, Prime Meridian, North/South Pole. What is a compass rose?

Outline each hemisphere

Geography Basics Equator: is a latitude line that circles the Earth exactly halfway between the North + South Poles, or zero degrees Prime Meridian: Is a longitude line that runs through Greenwich, England, and is 0 degrees longitude. All longitude lines begin and end at the North and South poles compass rose, a figure on a map used to display the cardinal directions 5

Label the continents and oceans. Color each continent a different color Compass rose

5 Themes of Geography 5 themes: (MR LIP) movement, regions, location, interaction between man & environment, and place.

MOVEMENT How are people, goods, and ideas moved? Transportation (railroads, ships, planes) Communications (Twitter, telephones, computers, TV) Mass Migration

REGIONS How are areas linked together? (Unifying Common Characteristics) Political (Palestine, Middle East) Physical Features (climate zones, deserts) Cultural features (languages, religions)

What are the Regions?

LOCATION two types of location: absolute and relative. Absolute location .latitude and longitude .or exact, location. Relative location shows where a place is in relation to other places Geographers begin a study of a place by describing its location. There are

INTERACTION (Human & Environment) How do people relate to their environment? How do people depend on their environment (farming, fishing, mining) How do people adapt to their environment? (igloos, irrigation, clothing) How do people change the environment? (roads, canals, harbors)

PLACE What is it like? Climate (humid, tropical) Physical features (mountains Mt. Everest, rivers Nile River, vegetation. Man-made features (buildings, dams, bridges) Hoover Dam Human characteristics (food, clothing, language) Navajo Code Talkers

A. Location B. Place C. Movement 5 themes rap A. Location B. Place C. Movement D. Region E. Interaction (human/Environment 1.____ Great Plains used to be a wide open area with no settlements or farms. Today towns and cities dot the Great Plains, and much of the land is used for farming 2. ____ Areas that receive very little rainfall are called deserts. 3._____ Texas is south of Oklahoma. 4._____ Hawaii is made up of islands and it offers a variety of tourist attractions 5. _____ Goods are shipped in large tractor-trailer trucks across interstate highways. 6. _____ Maine has many different economic areas including heavy forests and tourist areas. _____ The country of Guam is at 13 degrees N. Latitude, 145 degrees E. longitude 8. ____ One way to communicate information is to write letters to our friends And relatives. 9. ____ The building of new houses on areas that had always been forests frequently makes it difficult for animals to find homes 10.____ Swiss Chalets and high mountains called the Alps are two of the ways we can identify the country of Switzerland 1. E 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. D 7. A 8. C 9. E10. B

Mapping & Geography “Writing the World” geo = world or earth graph = to write or to chart Part 2 Mapping and Location

Globes and Maps globe- round,3-d model of the earth….Most accurate, not practical Map-2-dimensional view of the world. It is more detailed but is distorted(shapes change) flat maps are forced to exaggerate some sense of scale, or size Cartography or mapping is the study or practice of making maps. Cartographers or mapmakers are the people who do this

Mercator’s Projection Map Mercator projection (method of putting a map of the Earth onto a flat piece of paper) still used by sailors today expanded the area between longitudes distorts size, for example, on Mercator’s map, Greenland looks bigger than South America when it is only one eighth the size. Geographer-Gerhardus Mercator created a flat map (in 1569) to help sailors navigate long distances around the globe

Robinson’s Projection Map shows the size and shape of the land quite accurately. Some Geographers think it is one of the best World map’s available Some distortions (in areas around the edges of the map). Other techniques have been tried but it’s like the ripped peel of an orange By creating gaps in the picture of the world, mapmakers showed the size and shape of land accurate, but the gaps made it impossible to figure distances correctly.

Effects of Latitude lines of latitude, are imaginary east-west circles around the globe. Also called parallels, because they are parallel to one another RUN East and WEST MEASURE North to South Equator is a latitude line that circles the Earth exactly halfway between the North and South Poles, or zero degrees low latitudes, or the tropics Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn are at 23.5 degrees N. and S. direct sunlight throughout the year, it is almost always hot. - High latitudes or polar zones * no direct sunlight * far north- arctic * far south Antarctic Circle

Middle Latitudes In between is called Middle Latitudes of the northern and southern hemispheres, or temperate zones seasons: spring, summer, fall, and winter. receive fairly direct sunlight and at other times of year, they receive fairly indirect sunlight.

Longitudes Lines of longitude (imaginary lines that circle the globe from north to south) are also called meridians. All longitude lines begin and end at the North and South poles. Prime Meridian, which runs through Greenwich, England, is 0 degrees longitude. International Date Line (IDL) passes through the middle of the pacific 180 degrees longitude RUNS north to South MEASURES east to West

Parts of a Map compass rose, a figure on a map or nautical chart used to display the cardinal directions cardinal directions: north, south, east, and west scale - tells what a certain distance on the map stands for symbols are explained in the key, or legend. grid. uses lines to make rows and columns on a map Some maps use a grid of latitude and longitude lines

Types of Maps Political maps: No physical features. Includes state and national boundaries or countries boundaries. Road maps: show major—some minor highways—and roads, airports, railroad tracks, cities and other points of interest in an area. Topographic: includes shape and elevation of an area. steep or flat terrain.

Physical and Political Map of AZ