Standard 4 Standard USHC-4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the industrial development and the consequences of that development on society and politics during the second half of the nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries

Westward Expansion Rapid economic growth after Civil War National market threatened western Native Am Kansas-Nebraska Act passed for RR route Native Am. Forced to sign treaties and forced on to smaller reservations Native Am forced to give up land to white Am Assimilation – Native Am children taken from home and sent to boarding schools Massacre at Wounded Knee – Army felt threatened by the Ghost Dance and attacked the Native Am. Slaughtered buffalo forcing Native Am onto reservatrions

Homestead Act Granted western farmland to settlers as long as they created a home Required to stay 5 years Had to cultivate the land 80 acres for $10

Pacific Railway Act Government subsidized with grants Promoted the construction of the Transcontinental Railway Provided a route to sale goods at the National Market – increase capital

Economic Growth Land –rich with natural resource such as coal and iron ore – removal of Native Am Capital – tariffs applied to protect industry from foreign competition Labor –Workers were angry by immigrants taking jobs, used strikes in rebellion, federal troops sent to stop the strikes, purpose was to protect the big business; Chinese helped build the Transcontinental RR – Chinese Exclusion Act passed once they were no longer needed Technology – inventions such as steam engines, steam boats, barbed wire and oil drilling Entrepreneurship – railroads, oil, barbed wire

Court Cases to protect economic growth Dartmouth v. Woodward – contracts and patient laws Ogden v Gibbons – interstate commerce

Protective tariff To protect industry from foreign industry

Capitalism Economic system- private ownership of property Prior to Civil War Corp. promoted early industrialization by selling stock Powerful through mergers and monopolies RR economic engine – provide farmers with access to transportation, and brought new settlers to the west Corporations used by entrepreneurs Sherman Anti-Trust Act passed over concern of Corp. People were concerned about the power of the monopolies which lead to the Progressive Era Electricity provided new opportunities

Mergers were necessary for some industries to survive Deflation and mass production lowered the price of goods Sherman Anti Trust Act – limited control over power of Big Business Women’s opportunities in the work place improved with the invention of the typewriter and telephone. Henry Ford and the assembly line introduced in 1913 to improve production Captain’s of industry justified their cut throat practices with ideologies of Social Darwinism and Laissez Faire

Populist Movement Farmers could not afford the high railroad charges Farmers could not repay loans Interstate Commerce Act – established rates for the railroads Populist party supported railroad regulations and banking regulations Granger Laws Regulation of RR charges

Gilded Age Unions formed Working conditions worsened – long hours, low wages, unsafe conditions

Immigration of the 1920’s Increase in immigration b/c of jobs New inventions were a result of the increase in population Political machines – found jobs for new immigrants in return for their vote Boss Tweed Attempt to solve Urban problems such as sanitation, transportation, housing, fire, crime, water, Nativism increased –immigrants helped to adjust to the new country Gained more power with increased population Cultural renaissance

Jim Crow Laws Caused the African Americans to migrate from the south to the north seeking jobs

Progressive Movement Focused on assisting the middle class, developed through civic associations Desired better services in the city Middle class was tired of paying corrupt politicians Progressive Presidents: Teddy Roosevelt Woodrow Wilson Tried to end child labor Progressives include: Jane Addams- Hull House,

Clayton Anti-Trust Act Exempted Labor Unions from the Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Women and Social Reform Seneca Falls – Higher educations Jobs Suffrage Carrie Chapman Catt Alice Paul Jane Addams

National Association of Colored Women African American women seeking Civil Rights Campaigned for cleaning up society and government Opposed by industry and political bosses

Teddy Roosevelt 1st president to support worker’s rights Bully pulpit – Coal mine owners forced to negotiate with the coal miners to settle their disputes Interstate Commerce Commission – Supported regulating big business using the Sherman Anti-Trust Act Promoted conservation of land and the creation of National parks

Muckrakers Upton Sinclair – The Jungle exposed the conditions of the meat packing industry Lead to the Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act Jacob Riis – photographer that exposed the living conditions in the overcrowded cities

Ammendments 16th – progressive income tax 17th – direct election of senators

Federal Child Labor Act Woodrow Wilson 1st to pass a child labor act

Federal Reserve Act Federal Reserve Board 12 District banks Local banks They control the flow of money