Introduction to Security Cooperation & U.S. Foreign Policy Lesson #0049 5 January 2017

Lesson Objectives Place Security Cooperation (SC) in the context of U.S. Foreign Policy and the National Security Strategy Define basic SC terms, the overall SC planning process, and the difference between 10 U.S.C. and 22 U.S.C. Identify key SC laws, legislation, SC focus areas, programs, & organizations

SC Introduction, Definitions & Law Outline SC Introduction, Definitions & Law Foreign Policy & the National Security Strategy SC & the 3 Ds (Defense, Diplomacy, & Development) Key Legal Guidelines SC Planning Process: Ends (SC goals), Ways (SC Focus Areas), & Means (SC Programs)

Select Security Assistance (SA)/SC Programs & SC Organizations Outline (2) SC Focus Areas Security Sector Assistance (SSA) [Whole of Government/Interagency] Defense Institution Building (DIB) [Ministry/Department level] Security Force Assistance (SFA) [Operational/Tactical level] Select Security Assistance (SA)/SC Programs & SC Organizations

SC Introduction, Definitions & Law

Security Cooperation Definition Activities undertaken by DoD to encourage and enable international partners to work with the U.S. to achieve strategic objectives. It includes all DoD interactions with foreign defense and security establishments, including all DoD-administered S.A. programs, that build defense and security relationships that promote specific US security interests, including all international armaments cooperation and SA activities; develop allied and friendly military capabilities for self-defense and multinational operations and provide US forces with peacetime and contingency access to host nations DoDD 5132.03, October 2008

Foreign Policy & National Security Strategy Foreign Policy: The totality of a state’s interactions - diplomatic, defense, & development - with other states in pursuit of national interests HarperCollins Dictionary of American Government The National Security Strategy: The Administration’s vision of how to deal with national security interests Green Book, Chapter 19

DoD Policy on Security Cooperation An important tool of national security and foreign policy An integral element of the DoD mission SC planners (including SCOs) shall consider and coordinate with complementary USG activities No commitments to partner nations w/o USG assurance that such commitments can be met and are in US best interests (no false impressions) DoDD 5132.03, October 2008

3Ds - Major Aspects of U.S. Foreign Policy Diplomacy Alliances Coalition Partnership Human Rights Treaty Obligations Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) Counter-narcotics Greater Security Cooperation (SC) Defense Interoperability Foreign Military Sales (FMS) Combined Exercises Development International Armaments Cooperation Economic Support Greater SC supports the national security Interest!

Key Legal Guidelines for SC Authorities DoS (22 U.S.C.) Arms Export Control Act (AECA) [22 USC 2751-2799] Foreign Assistance Act (FAA) [22 USC 2151-2431] DoD (10 U.S.C.): National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) [FY16, NDAA, P.L.114-92] Appropriations DoD Appropriation Act [FY16, Div. C, P.L. 114-113] State/Foreign Operations, & Related Programs Appropriation Act (S/FOAA) [FY16, Div. K, P.L. 114-113]

Key Legal Guidelines for SC (2) Regulations International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) [22 CFR 120-130] Security Assistance Management Manual (SAMM) [DSCA 5105.38-M]

SC Planning

Full-Spectrum Capability

SC Planning Process, The Macro Level Specific SC Goals Dos/USAID JSP QDR Ends CCMD TCP ICS SC Focus Areas SSA Ways DIB SFA 2282 Various SC Programs Means IMET Exercises FMS DoS/USAID JSP = Department of State/USAID Joint Strategic Plan; QDR = Quadrennial Defense Review; CCMD TCP = COCOM Theater Campaign Plan; ICS = Integrated Country Strategy 2282 = Building Partner Capacity of Foreign Militaries; IMET = International Military Education and Training Chapter 1

Full-Spectrum Capability Vision and Military Ends/Ways/Means FMF/FMS CTFP IMET EDA 2282 ALP JCET SPP Activities all interrelated Ends Ways Means

SC Goals (Ends) – A Select Sampling DoS/USAID Joint Strategic Plan for FY 2014-2017, 17 March 2014 Chapter 19

SC Focus Areas (Ways)

Security Sector Assistance (SSA) SSA is a term used often by the International Community, Administration and State Department which refers to reform efforts directed at all the institutions, processes, and forces that provide security and promote the rule of law Also Called Security Sector Reform (SSR) Whole of Government Approach Interagency (More than just DoD/DoS) Presidential Policy Directive 23 (PPD-23)

Defense Institution Building (DIB) Programs, structures, and processes used to develop effective, efficient, and accountable partner defense establishments, including defense ministries, joint and general staffs and commands, and the supporting institutions of the armed forces A Ministry Level top down approach DoD Directive 5205.82

Security Force Assistance (SFA) SFA activities are primarily used to assist an HN in defending against internal and transnational threats to stability (e.g. supporting foreign internal defense [FID], counterterrorism, counterinsurgency [COIN], or stability operations). Operational/Tactical Level Joint Doctrine Note 1-13

Select SC Programs & SC Organizations 8 June 2016

Security Cooperation DoD DoS C/T C/N ASFF JCETs IAC ESF NADR INCLE PKO FMS FMFP IMET EDA Leases DCS Combined Exercises HA/HMA SC Programs DoD [10 U.S.C.] SA Programs DoS [22 U.S.C.] C/T = Counterterrorism C/N = Counternarcotic HA/HMA = Humanitarian Assistance/ Humanitarian Mine Action JCETs = Joint Combined Exchange Training IAC = International Armaments Cooperation DCS = Direct Commercial Sales ESF = Economic Support Fund NADR = Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, Demining, and Related Programs PKO = Peacekeeping Operations INCLE = International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement FMS = Foreign Military Sales FMFP = Foreign Military Financing Program IMET = International Military Education and Training EDA = Excess Defense Articles ASFF = Afghanistan Security Forces Fund

Security Assistance (SA) Economic & military assistance to partner nations under State Department authority Supports USG foreign policy and national security objectives Deliverables: Defense articles, services, and training Terms of Transfer: Sale, grant, loan, or lease Chapter 1

Major SA Programs Administered by DoD FMS FMFP IMET Emergency Drawdown Leases of Equipment EDA Administered by DoS DCS ESF PKO INCLE NADR Chapter 1

Examples of Select SC Programs Afghanistan Security Forces Fund Foreign Comparative Testing Humanitarian Mine Action DoD Regional Centers for Security Studies Exercise-Related Construction U.S. DoD Civilian, Minister of Defense Advisors for Defense Institution Building Chapter 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Security Cooperation Defense State Combined Exercises DCS ESF C/T C/N SC Programs SA Programs Defense [10 U.S.C] State [22 U.S.C] FMS FMFP IMET EDA Leases Combined Exercises DCS ESF C/T C/N ASFF NADR HA/HMA PKO JCETs INCLE IAC Chapter 1

Some Key SC Organizational Terms SC Enterprise (SCE): The network of entities engaged in any element of SC programs, either as providers or beneficiaries. This includes U.S. government (USG) agencies, Congress, foreign partners, and industry SC Community: A subset of USG executive branch entities within the SCE directly responsible for managing or executing SC programs or the policies that affect them SC Workforce: Employees of USG agencies with the SC community 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Key USG SC Organizations President Congress Senate Foreign Relations Committee (SFRC) House Foreign Affairs Committee (HFAC) Senate Armed Services Committee (SASC) House Armed Services Committee (HASC) Senate Appropriations Committee (SAC) House Appropriations Committee (HAC) Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Government Accountability Office (GAO) Office of Management and Budget (OMB) National Security Council (NSC) Secretary of Defense Secretary of State Chapter 3

Department of State (DoS) SC Responsibilities General direction of foreign assistance Program determination by country Integration of programs to support U.S. national objectives Chapter 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

Organizations Department of State President of the United States Secretary of State Administrator, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) Chief, U.S. Diplomatic Mission Under Secretary for Political Affairs (P) Director, U.S. Foreign Assistance (F) Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security Affairs (T) Africa South - Central Asia Senior Defense Official/Defense Attaché (SDO/DATT) Europe - Eurasia West Hemi Assistant Secretary for Political-Military Affairs (PM) East Asia - Pacific Near East Office of Regional Security and Arms Transfers (RSAT) Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC) Int’l Orgs Security Cooperation Organization (SCO) Defense Attaché Office (DAO) Office of Security Assistance (SA) Office of Congressional & Public Affairs (CPA) Chapter 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

Department of Defense (DoD) SC Responsibilities Program planning and execution Procurement of equipment/services Transportation of military articles Conduct of military training Chapter 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

Organizations Department of Defense Secretary of Defense Department of the Army Department of the Navy Department of the Air Force Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology & Logistics (AT&L) Director, International Cooperation Under Secretary of Defense for Policy [USD(P)] Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA) Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff The Joint Staff Geographic Combatant Commanders (GCCs) Senior Defense Official/Defense Attaché (SDO/DATT) Security Cooperation Organization (SCO) Defense Attaché Office (DAO) Chapter 3

Organizations Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA) Vision Lead the Security Cooperation Community, Enable the Security Cooperation Enterprise Vision 2020, published in October 2014, is DSCA’s six-year strategy to lead the security cooperation in: Synchronizing Security Cooperation Activities Meeting Customer Expectations Ensuring Effectiveness and Efficiency Chapter 3

Organizations DSCA Major Duties and Functions Oversee execution of assigned SC programs Coordinate SC programs with other agencies under the guidance of USDP Direct, administer, and provide execution guidance for implementation of SFA programs that have been assigned to DSCA to fund and direct the execution Chapter 3

Organizations DSCA Major Duties and Functions (2) Develop and promulgate the SAMM Manage DoD overseas humanitarian assistance, demining, and Wales Initiative programs Supervise DSADC, ISCS, and DIILS Chapter 3

Organizations Military Services SC Responsibilities Develop and implement SC policy in support of SecDef, OSD, and CCMDs Coordinate technology transfer decisions Provide defense articles, services, and training to partner nations Participate in international armaments cooperation Provide resources to the SC community Chapter 3

Combatant Commands (CCMD) SC Responsibilities Develop theater strategies and campaign plans Develop and coordinate all AOR SC programs Command, supervise, and support assigned SCOs Recommend SC programs to SecDef, the Joint Staff, and MilSvcs Chapter 4

Geographic Combatant Commander (CCMD) AORs Chapter 4

Organizations Security Cooperation Office (SCO) SCO serves as the link between the partner nation and the U.S. SCO may also be known as ODC, JUSMAG, OMC, MILGP, USMTM, OSC, etc. Senior Defense Official/Defense Attaché leads both the Security Cooperation Office (SCO) and Defense Attaché Office (DAO) PARTNER NATION U.S. SCO Chapter 4

Questions? 8 June 2016

Introduction to Security Cooperation & U.S. Foreign Policy Lesson #0049 5 January 2017