Wastewater Wastewater Not a Drop to Drink Prof Bob Kalin Climate Justice Fund Water Futures Programme Integrated Water Resources Management Across Malawi Wastewater Wastewater Not a Drop to Drink Prof Bob Kalin

Why ?

Water Resource Act (2013) Malawi   Water Resource Act (2013) Malawi 35 (1) Water Resources Authority The National Water Resources Master Plan shall, among other things, address matters relating to the conservation of water resources, including through the recycling and re-use of waste water, …… 74. Every person abstracting groundwater by means of a borehole shall, in order to prevent contamination or pollution of the and pollution, dispose of all return or waste water by means other than by return to the borehole 87 (1) Activities which constitutes controlled activities controlled include activities (a) Irrigation of any land with waste water generated through any industrial activity or a water work; (c) artificial recharge of an aquifer with any waste or water containing waste; 89 (1) Any person who owns, controls, occupies or uses land water resources which an activity or process is or was performed and which, unless authorized under this Part, causes, has caused or is likely to process cause pollution of a water resource, shall take all such measures as may be necessary to prevent any such pollution from occurring…..

Water Resource Act (2013) Malawi   Water Resource Act (2013) Malawi 140 (1) An inspector may enter land for purposes of inspecting the land in relation to use of water…. (a) inspecting works or use of water; or (b) taking samples or making tests, to find out whether (i) water is being wasted, misused or polluted; (ii) the terms of any water permit, waste discharge permit or (iii) any other permit granted 145 (I) No person shall wilfully obstruct, molest or hinder any inspector or other employee of or person authorized by the Minister or the Authority acting in the exercise or performance of his powers and functions under this Act; (d) without lawful authority, wilfully let off or discharge water from the works of any permit holder so that the permit holder loses the use of that water; (e) without lawful authority, lay, erect or construct, or cause to be laid, erected or construct, any work to connect with the work of any permit holder which is capable of drawing water from that work;

Water Resource Act (2013) Malawi    Water Resource Act (2013) Malawi Offences 73 (1) No person shall not …. cause any groundwater to flow to waste from any borehole, or groundwater except for the purpose of testing the extent or quality of the supply or cleaning, sterilizing, examining or repairing the borehole; (b) conduct the water from any borehole through any channel or conduit so that more than twenty per cent (20%) of the water is lost between the point of extraction and the point of use:….. (c) use any water from any borehole for the purpose of domestic use or the watering of stock, except where such water is channelled through pipes fitted with float valves or other satisfactory means of control, to prevent waste: 74 Water Resources No. l (2) A person who contravenes the provisions of subsection (1) commits an offence who (a) Allows water to be wasted……. (b) takes or uses water for a purpose other than provided by the water permit,  

Why Permaculture?

Why did CJF Project bring to WFP the concept of Permaculture to include in all of the villages in Chikwawa ?? Water Resources Act (2013) Malawi This is illegal Health point of view This is a source of disease From an Economic Point of view This is WASTED MONEY

Development Depends on Groundwater GROUNDWATER IS 97 Development Depends on Groundwater GROUNDWATER IS 97.6% of ALL AVAILABLE FRESH WATER A Real Economic Value Why Throw Away Money?

Integrated Water Resources Management Contamination of Water NEED Integrated Water Resources Management @ Local Scale Wasted Water Contamination of Water Source of Disease

Water Right Payment Who Pays?

Water as Economic Value Our Role Water Resources Act (2013) Malawi IWRM Enshrined in Act Government ‘Owns the Water’ Government has responsibility to provide means of access to water as a human right Government Sets Access Measures (Abstraction and Drilling License Fees e.g. Water Right Payment for Borehole) DO YOU PAY? WRA then Allows Local User to Collect on Behalf of Government the Economic Value of the Water: they are not taxed for water. Local IWRM is part of Water Resources Act, not something new

WRA 2013 & CJF Community IWRM Permaculture, Borehole Banks, BUAs Traditional CBM Has Failed We Recommended to WFP to Replace with Local IWRM Payment of Water Right allows Value of water to be properly recovered. Income then used for community loans to enhance income and underpin Healthy Communities Wasted water now used for crops Cash Value of wasted water $100 to $300 per year Recover wasted water Turn it into Cash Use Cash for Preventative Maintenance of Water Resources within the Local Community

Lake Malawi

When Groundwater Declines Rivers Dry Up During Dry Season You are Here When Groundwater Declines No Base Flow to Rivers Rivers Dry Up During Dry Season

Lake Malawi Water Budget :

Lake Malawi Water Budget : Malawi as a Country: 118,000 km2 Lake Malawi: 29,600 km² Land Malawi: 88,400 km2

Lake Malawi Water Budget : Malawi as a Country: 118,000 km2 Lake Malawi: 29,600 km² Land Malawi: 88,400 km2 Volume Water Lake Malawi: 8,400 km3 Max Avail Water Lake Malawi: 290 km3

Lake Malawi Water Budget : Malawi as a Country: 118,000 km2 Lake Malawi: 29,600 km² Land Malawi: 88,400 km2 Volume Water Lake Malawi: 8,400 km3 Max Avail Water Lake Malawi: 290 km3 Total Groundwater Approx: 5,300km3 Shallow Groundwater Malawi: 1,330 km3

Lake Malawi Water Budget : Malawi as a Country: 118,000 km2 Lake Malawi: 29,600 km² Land Malawi: 88,400 km2 Volume Water Lake Malawi: 8,400 km3 Max Avail Water Lake Malawi: 290 km3 Total Groundwater Approx: 5,300km3 Shallow Groundwater Malawi: 1,330 km3 ~ 5 times more shallow groundwater than upper 10 m of Lake Malawi Shallow Groundwater provides baseflow to Rivers to keep Lake Malawi Full

Lake Malawi Water Budget : Malawi as a Country: 118,000 km2 Lake Malawi: 29,600 km² Land Malawi: 88,400 km2 Volume Water Lake Malawi: 8,400 km3 Max Avail Water Lake Malawi: 290 km3 Total Groundwater Approx: 5,300km3 Shallow Groundwater Malawi: 1,330 km3 ~ 5 times more shallow groundwater than upper 10 m of Lake Malawi Shallow Groundwater provides baseflow to Rivers to keep Lake Malawi Full Answer: Reverse impacts of Land Management to return groundwater storage to normal !

It Rains for 3 Months Water Soaks into the Ground It’s Dry for 9 Months How do the Rivers Still Flow? Groundwater Provides Water to Rivers as BaseFlow Without Groundwater Storage, Lake Levels Decline Faster ! Solution: Manage the land to make sure groundwater recharge return to normal levels.

It Rains for 3 Months Water Soaks into the Ground It’s Dry for 9 Months How do the Rivers Still Flow? Groundwater Provides Water to Rivers as BaseFlow Without Groundwater Storage, Lake Levels Decline Faster ! Solution: Manage the land to make sure groundwater recharge return to normal levels. 2012 Slope increasing Increasing Rate of Decline in Water Level Lake Malawi 2016

CJF ‘Hands On’ Training for Groundwater Resources Management CJF ‘Hands On’ Training for Rural Community to Manage and Measure Water Resource, Water Measurements Local Materials Proactive Management

Real Reason for CJF Mapping

Management of the National Water Resources Asset CJF National Asset Mapping You can only manage what you know You can only recover economic value of water is holistically managed through IWRM

Waste Water Human Waste

CJF Asset Mapping

CJF Asset Mapping Includes Risks Pit Latrines Near Boreholes 2017 Data

Contamination of Groundwater is a Risk to SDGs Contamination of Groundwater not Allowed in WRA 2013 How to Manage Risk from so many point sources? https://sti-cs.org/2015/07/16/fancy-a-swig-water-quality-in-shallow-wells-in-kisumu-western-kenya/

Mapping Every Pit Latrine Too RISK SAFE 39 Pit Latrines within High Risk Zone

WEF Water-Energy-Food Nexus

Water Energy Nexus: Water Weighs A lot!

Water Energy Nexus: Water Weighs A lot! 1 Litre of Water lifted 100 meters = 1 Watt 1000 Litre of Water = 1 cubic meter (m3)

Water Energy Nexus: Water Weighs A lot! 1 Litre of Water lifted 100 meters = 1 Watt 1000 Litre of Water = 1 cubic meter (m3) 1 m3 of Water lifted 100 meters = 1 kilowatt Energy Efficiency of Pumping water ~ 50%

Water Energy Nexus: Water Weighs A lot! 1 Litre of Water lifted 100 meters = 1 Watt 1000 Litre of Water = 1 cubic meter (m3) 1 m3 of Water lifted 100 meters = 1 kilowatt Energy Efficiency of Pumping water ~ 50% Lifting 1 m3 of water from Lake Malawi to Lilongwe = 20 kilowatts Moving Water 100 kms from Lake Malawi to Lilongwe = Energy Loss in Pipes Energy for Pipeline Transmission Depend

Water Energy Nexus: Water Weighs A lot! 1 Litre of Water lifted 100 meters = 1 Watt 1000 Litre of Water = 1 cubic meter (m3) 1 m3 of Water lifted 100 meters = 1 kilowatt Energy Efficiency of Pumping water ~ 50% Lifting 1 m3 of water from Lake Malawi to Lilongwe = 20 kilowatts Moving Water 100 kms from Lake Malawi to Lilongwe = Energy Loss in Pipes 50 MCM of water to Lilongwe from Lake Malawi per day 50,000,000 m3 * 20kwatt = 1 megawatts needed each day just to lift it from Lake Malawi

Water Energy Nexus: Water Weighs A lot! 1 Litre of Water lifted 100 meters = 1 Watt 1000 Litre of Water = 1 cubic meter (m3) 1 m3 of Water lifted 100 meters = 1 kilowatt Energy Efficiency of Pumping water ~ 50% Lifting 1 m3 of water from Lake Malawi to Lilongwe = 20 kilowatts Moving Water 100 kms from Lake Malawi to Lilongwe = Energy Loss in Pipes 50 MCM of water to Lilongwe from Lake Malawi per day 50,000,000 m3 * 20kwatt = 1 megawatts needed each day just to lift it from Lake Malawi Energy to move it in pipes Energy to Treat it for use Energy to Treat it as waste Energy not available elsewhere on the grid

Why ? Because we are all The Solution

Wastewater Wastewater Not a Drop to Drink Prof Bob Kalin Climate Justice Fund Water Futures Programme Integrated Water Resources Management Across Malawi Wastewater Wastewater Not a Drop to Drink Prof Bob Kalin Robert.Kalin@Strath.ac.uk