The Digestive System Digestive System Test (just information from this packet) April 7, 2017 DV lessons 9-10 Quiz: April 11, 2017

Functions of the digestive system Ingestion: intake of food and liquids into the body. The process of physical or mechanical digestion begins with the teeth and the tongue during ________________________. Digestion: food is broken down into smaller pieces. Digestion can be physical or chemical. Physical digestion breaks the food down into smaller physical parts while chemical digestion breaks the food down into smaller _______________________________ compounds. Absorption: nutrients leave the digestive tract and enter the bloodstream then enter cells. Elimination: solid waste (undigested food, and unused fiber, fat, protein and bacteria) is eliminated or ___________________________________________. Mastication chemical defecation

Organs and Structures of the Digestive System can be broken up into the alimentary canal (oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, and anus) and the accessory organs (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas).

Oral Cavity labia buccae uvula Mouth: food enters the mouth. The _____________________ protects the anterior opening of the mouth and the __________________________________ form the lateral walls of the mouth. The anterior of the roof is made up the hard palate and the posterior is made up of the soft palate. The ______________________________ hangs from the soft palate which covers the nasopharynx (nose and throat) when swallowing. A mucous membrane lining covers the entire mouth labia buccae uvula

Tongue Muscular organ attached to the base of the mouth Aids in mastication ________________________ on the tongue contain taste buds and taste buds have taste receptors Necessary for speech production papillae

Teeth: divided into two major regions- the crown and the root Crown: the part of tooth above the gum line Root: part embedded below the gum line The tooth is composed of three layers: enamel, dentin, and pulp Enamel: hard covering Dentin: bone like material _________________________: extends into the root; contains blood vessels, nerves and connective tissue pulp

Salivary glands: the mouth contains three salivary glands that secrete the enzyme amylase (an enzyme that helps break down starches). _____________________________ gland: under the tongue Submandibular gland: floor of the mouth ___________________: found anterior to the ________________________ sublingual parotid ears

Pharynx/throat: Broken into three parts Laryngopharynx: pathway for food, fluids and air. When ________________________ occurs, epiglottis covers the trachea and the muscular action of ____________________________ brings the food down deglutition peristalsis

Esophagus: mucous membrane-lined muscular tube that connects the pharynx with the stomach __________________________________ sphincter controls the flow of substances between the esophagus and the stomach Cardiac sphincter

Stomach: sac-like organ composed of three parts Fundus: upper round portion of the stomach Body: main section Antrum: lower section Contains folds in the lining called _____________________. Rugae produce gastric fluids that aid in digestion gastric juices + partially digested food = ________________ stomach is connected to the small intestine by the pylorus which is controlled by the __________________________ sphincter. Rugae chyme pyloric

Small Intestine: chemical digestion continues; longest stretch of digestion Three parts of the small intestine all lined with villi to increase surface area Duodenum: receives food from stomach and is digested by bile from the liver and gallbladder and pancreatic juices from the pancreas Jejunum: nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, & minerals) are absorbed into the bloodstream Ileum: site of vitamin B12 absorption; ileum joins the large intestine at the cecum, controlled by the ___________________________ valve (sphincter muscle) ileocecal

Colon/large intestine: water absorption; lined with goblet cells that secrete mucous Six parts of the colon or large intestine Cecum: pouch that connects small and large intestine; appendix attached Ascending colon: travels upward from cecum to underside of liver Transverse colon: ______________________________________ crosses the abdomen Descending colon: travels from transverse colon to sigmoid colon Sigmoid colon/sigmoid: connects to _______________________ Rectum: storage area for solid wastes Anus: opening at the end of the digestive tract which fecal waste is eliminated through horizontally rectum

Accessory organs Liver Gallbladder Storage of nutrients Filtration and removal of chemicals, waste products, and old RBCs Converts glycogen to glucose Produces ____________________ to help break down fatty foods Gallbladder Stores ________________________________ bile bile

Pancreas: produces many enzymes for digestion Amylase: helps break down carbohydrates Lipase: helps breakdown _________________________________ Protease: helps breakdown proteins Insulin: hormone that aids in the absorption of sugar fats

Digestive Diseases & Disorders Appendicitis: inflammation of the _____________________________________; caused by a blockage appendix

Celiac disease: malabsorption syndrome characterized by weight loss and diarrhea. Thought to be caused by food containing ____________________________________. gluten

Cholelithiasis: abnormal condition of _____________________ in the _________________________________ stones gallbladder

Cirrhosis: scarring of the liver due to alcohol, drugs, or a virus

Hepatitis: inflammation of the ___________________________ usually caused by viral infection Hep A: acute; food contaminated by the feces of infected person Hep B: chronic; transmitted by blood or bodily fluids, usually through childbirth or sexual contact Hep C: chronic; transmitted by blood or bodily fluids, usually through blood transfusions or drug needles liver